Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Essay Sample free essay sample

Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Consider this. President John F. Kennedy or Doctor Martin Luther King Junior would be partial to what affirmatory action has turned out to be. President Kennedy would proclaim what person could make for their state. Doctor King would be in resistance to the prejudiced impressions of affirmatory action by confirming to Americans to set preference aside to accomplish equality. non discriminatory intervention. America has distorted and moved beyond the bulk of racial barriers of the sixtiess. For case. Barack Obama. an Afro-american. was elected president of the United States in 2008 and reelected in 2012 in a state where Whites and inkinesss had to utilize separate H2O fountains merely less than fifty old ages earlier. Affirmative action is perchance one of the more ill-famed issues in the United States of American today. Put into action in response to many old ages of segregation. which marginalized the Afro-american pop ulation of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page affirmatory action was intended to revoke the unethical determinations of the yesteryear. and level the playing field in footings of employment. instruction and lodging. The phrase ‘affirmative action’ was originally used by President John F. Kennedy on March 6. 1961. in Executive Order 10925. The purpose was to set up the government’s staunchness to equal chance for all qualified persons. and to take definite action to reenforce attempts to recognize equal chance for all. In 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson. superseded Executive Order 10925 with Executive Order 11246. which prohibited â€Å"employment favoritism based on race. colour. faith. and national beginning by those organisations having federal contracts and subcontracts† ( Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity n. pag. ) . Affirmative action is used to back up processs that achieve non-discrimination. In other words. it is intended to advance equal chance. The rationalisation for affirmatory action is that it compensates for â€Å"past favoritism. persecution or development by the governing category of a civilization. and to turn to bing discrimination† ( The Burning Platform n. pag. ) . Unfortunately. affirmatory action is rearward favoritism. which has obnoxious effects neglecting to convey to fruition its original purposes. Furthermore. affirmatory action is a impermanent solution and has no topographic point in today’s society. particularly in college admittance standards. The minute higher academic establishments incorporated affirmatory action into admittances standards. definite properties of applicants’ decreased. institutional support was placed in hazard. and bias scholarships were created. seting other minority groups at hazard. First. universities modify admittances demands. which allows for persons with below mean classs and accomplishments admittance into establishments of higher instruction. This is non merely corrupting and dissing to African-Americans. but it besides gives rise to performance-hindering stigma by â€Å"undermining the accomplishments of minorities† ( Friedman 26 ) . Furthermore. affirmatory action diminishes the successes of persons. doing affirmatory action counterproductive. Affirmative action labels the receivers as missing ability and mentally secon d-rate. It frequently overlooks curriculum differences. which play an built-in map in college admittance and graduation rates. For case. â€Å"Carnegie Mellon University and CalTech are to a great extent oriented toward the scientific disciplines. Fieldss in which inkinesss have ever had a little presence† ( The Burning Platform n. pag. ) . It obstructs appeasement. replacing out-of-date unfairnesss with modern unfairnesss. and convinces admittance campaigners to sort themselves as disadvantaged. even if they are non. Second. the monetary value and fiscal emphasis of affirmatory action plans should non be forgotten with pecuniary support furnished by taxpayers. and in utmost state of affairss. puting universities under extreme examination. Like any national plans intended to run into a peculiar adversity of an underserviced group. capital to endorse these policies comes from the populace sector. Money for affirmatory action plans is frequently set aside at the disbursal of much needed wellness attention plans. It is likely that affirmatory action plans eradicate one hundred billion in taxpayer dollars ( Whitaker 6 ) . In 2010. North Carolina State University wasted an estimated $ 1. 9 million dollars on a month long run to pull Afro-american females. The university had to increase its current registration of this minority group to three per centum. or lose critical federal and province support. Additionally. universities with a high Afro-american graduation rate provide a dearly-won nurturing environment. dwelling of orientation and keeping plans for black pupils. These third establishments place black pupil keeping and graduation rates above other enrolled pupils. It is clear that the extravagancy of prolonging affirmatory action plans at universities is a liability to the taxpayer and hence. the cost of such discriminatory plans outweigh the advantages. Third. rivals of affirmatory action contemplate that it maintains the construct of race: thriving in society. making separation alternatively of integrity. Separation can be witnessed in â€Å"color based scholarships and plans that give prefere ntiality to African-Americans and except bulk groups such as Caucasians† ( Whitaker 12 ) . By puting aside scholarships for African-Americans. Caucasic undergraduates are being discriminated against. peculiarly when a ‘white only’ scholarship is deemed racially prejudiced. Therefore. racial struggle is escalated and benefits the more fortunate public within the minority groups. upper-middle category African-Americans. at the disbursal of the least privileged within the bulk public. such as low-class Caucasians. These unseeable victims of affirmatory action’s lofty picks are human deaths of a barbarous dual criterion created by minority scholarships. Therefore. affirmatory action’s usage of categorized racial favoritism to allow African-Americans scholarships is insensitive and dissentious the policy’s declarations are compromised in their executing. The most widespread claim for affirmatory action is it amends the unfairness and favoritism created by segregation. Those who champion affirmatory action. like Beth Herring. alluded to the soci etal nature of affirmatory action by breaking the opportunities of an equal playing field. She believes. â€Å"education is the lone guaranteed flight latch on poorness that there is. Without person believing holistically about my application manner back when. I doubt really earnestly I would be sitting here earlier you† ( Kroft ) . Furthermore. advocates of affirmatory action have the most confidence in their perceptual experience that it creates diverseness in its projects. Their line of logical thinking is that for a â€Å"nation whose pride lies in the unbounded diverseness of it is people. why should America deficiency in assortment in the representation of its comfortable people and leaders† ( Guernsey 20 ) ? In other words. America’s diverse population should be reflected in all facets of leading. instruction. and social equality. Affirmative action can vouch these aims are met by providing minorities and underrepresented genders with chances they would non otherwise have. Advocates of affirmatory action should see present twenty-four hours society can non be held accountable for past decennaries of favoritism. The evil of affirmatory ac tion. such as racial favouritism and bias. are acceptable and overcast the cover of good will. therefore challenging that the policy leads to diverseness. However. by cut downing admittance norms and passing unearned benefits to African americans on applications or leading chances. the attack is switching the playing field to disrespect persons of the bulk group. Additionally. as aforesaid. affirmatory action creates racial apprehensiveness that hinders harmony among the minority and bulk groups. The purpose of oppositions of affirmatory action is non to minimise it. but. to do known that even executing good plants has its limitations. By measuring the present development of affirmatory action. an ascent or complete abolition is necessary. One declaration would be extinguishing partizan plans and quota strategies such as affirmatory action. As Guernsey suggests. another realistic solution includes finding affirmatory action programs’ receivers based entirely on virtue and economic demand ( 97-98 ) . With respects to grants and scholarships. virtue based assistance is advantageous. because nose count classs are purged from the ap plications. Thus donees are non wholly from one minority group. In add-on. William Whitaker argues that â€Å"people who work hard and play by the established virtue regulations should non be denied chances because of race and gender qualifications† ( 7 ) . â€Å"Affirmative action is a impermanent intercession designed to accomplish equal employment chance without take downing criterions. and without unduly treading the calling aspirations or outlooks of current organisational members who are competent in their jobs† ( Pienaar 4 ) . Affirmative action is the band-aide that needs to be removed with one clean pull. Trying to repair and pull off it would be an tremendous faux pas. â€Å"Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. the lone current black Justice. opposes affirmatory action† ( Kroft ) . Justice Thomas considers the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits affirmatory action or discriminatory intervention. He besides believes it creates â€Å"a cult of victimization† and implies inkinesss require â€Å"special intervention in order to succeed† ( Kroft ) . Affirmative action supports minority groups to delegate themselves as portion of favorite groups. to take advantage of group penc hant policies. which tend to profit chiefly upper and in-between category African-Americans. often to the hurt of low income Caucasians and Asians. Again. as higher academic establishments incorporated affirmatory action into admittances standards. definite properties of applicants’ lessenings. institutional support is placed in hazard. and bias scholarships are created. seting other minority groups at hazard ( for being overlooked ) . Plants Cited Chen. Jim. â€Å"Symposium on Affirmative Action: Diverseness and Damnation. † 11 Apr. 2009. Is Affirmative Action Still Needed? Ed. Theodore Wood. 20 Apr. 2009. Friedman. Lauri S. Racism: Writing the Critical Essay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 2007. Print. Guernsey. JoAnn Bren. Affirmative Action: A Problem or a Remedy? . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company. 1997. Print Human. L. . Abednego Maphumulo. Mpumelelo Obed Mbatha. and G. S. Zulu. Affirmative Action and the Development of Peoples: A Practical Guide. Kenwyn: Juta A ; Co. Ltd. 1993. Print.Kroft. Steve. â€Å"Clarence Thomas: The Justice Cipher Knows. † CBSNews. com. 1 Feb. 2009. 09 Nov. 2012.Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity. â€Å"A Brief History of Affirmative Action. † OEOD. uci. edu. 03 May 2010. 09 Nov. 2012.Pienaar. Jacques Schalk. â€Å"PERCEPTIONS OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE POTENTIAL UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES THEREOF IN THE WORKEnvironment: A STUDY OF THE DESIGNATED AND NON-DESIGNATEDGROUPS IN SOUTH AFRICA. † UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH. Western Cape: Stellenbosch University. 27 Dec. 2009.The Burning Platform. â€Å"AFFIRMATIVE ACTION? . † The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 2007 ) : n. pag. Web. 09 Nov 2012.Whitaker. William A. White Male Applicant: An Affirmative Action Expose. Izmir: AproposPress. 1996 Print.

Strong Acid Definition and Examples

Strong Acid Definition and Examples A strong acid is an acid that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous solution. It is a chemical species with a high capacity to lose a proton, H. In water, a strong acid loses one proton, which is captured by water to form the hydronium ion: HA(aq) H2O → H3O(aq) A−(aq) Diprotic and polyprotic acids may lose more than one proton, but the strong acid pKa value and reaction only refers to the loss of the first proton. Strong acids have a small logarithmic constant (pKa) and a large acid dissociation constant (Ka). Most strong acids are corrosive, but some of the superacids are not corrosive. In contrast, some of the weak acids (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) may be highly corrosive. Note: As acid concentration increases, the ability to dissociate diminishes. Under normal conditions in water, strong acids dissociate completely, but extremely concentrated solutions do not. Examples of Strong Acids While there are many weak acids, there are few strong acids. The common strong acids include: HCl (hydrochloric acid)H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)HNO3 (nitric acid)HBr (hydrobromic acid)HClO4 (perchloric acid)HI (hydroiodic acid)p-toluenesulfonic acid (an organic soluble strong acid)methanesulfonic acid (a liquid organic strong acid) The following acids dissociate almost completely in water, so they are often considered to be strong acids, although they are not more acidic than the hydronium ion, H3O. HNO3Â  (nitric acid)HClO3Â  (chloric acid) Some chemists consider the hydronium ion, bromic acid, periodic acid, perbromic acid, and periodic acid to be strong acids. If the ability to donate protons is used as the primary criterion for acid strength, then the strong acids (from strongest to weakest) would be: H[SbF6]Â  (fluoroantimonic acid)FSO3HSbF5Â  (magic acid)H(CHB11Cl11)Â  (carborane superacid)FSO3HÂ  (fluorosulfuric acid)CF3SO3HÂ  (triflic acid) These are the superacids, which are defined as acids that are more acidic than 100% sulfuric acid. The superacids permanently protonate water. Factors That Determine Acid Strength You may be wondering why the strong acids dissociate so well, or why certain weak acids do not completely ionize. A few factors come into play: atomic radius - As the atomic radius increases, so does acidity. For example, HI is a stronger acid than HCl (iodine is a larger atom than chlorine).electronegativity - The more electronegative a conjugate base in the same period of the periodic table is (A-), the more acidic it is.electrical charge - The more positive the charge on an atom, the higher its acidity. In other words, its easier to take a proton from a neutral species than from one with a negative charge.equilibrium - When an acid dissociates, equilibrium is reached with its conjugate base. In the case of strong acids, the equilibrium strongly favors the product or is to the right of a chemical equation. The conjugate base of a strong acid is much weaker than water as a base.solvent - In most applications, strong acids are discussed in relation to water as a solvent. However, acidity and basicity have meaning in nonaqueous solvent. For example, in liquid ammonia, acetic acid ionizes completely and may be considered a str ong acid, even though it is a weak acid in water.

Applauding William Paterson Universitys Concert Performance Essay

Applauding William Paterson Universitys Concert Performance - Essay Example As the school’s Concert Band and Wind Ensemble played such favorites as Allegro Giocoso and Folk Song Suite, there were elements of strong orchestral harmony throughout the duration of their performances, which provided a competent musical event. No tangible discrepancies were noticed in relation to keeping up with the conductor’s tempo, suggesting a group which has practiced and rehearsed to remain harmonious. However, the Wind Ensemble appeared struggle through I Am – Richard Boysen, Jr. which may have been due to the difficulty of the piece as it is associated with a saxophone player who died in a car accident. The violent clashing of symbols to represent the accident’s hideous disgrace really emphasized the importance of the contemporary concert piece. Percussion dominated much of this series of performances, which added grandeur and excitement to the music. I have often thought that cymbals are often some of the most important instruments in the conce rt performance, as a slightly off-tempo clash can interrupt the harmony of the music. This performance lacked nothing in relation to maintaining the appropriate pace. Cymbals are used to represent a variety of emotions, perhaps as a stylistic tribute to history or as a remembrance piece to an influential person of interest.

Compare and contrast John Locke, David Hume and Immanuel Kant on the Essay

Compare and contrast John Locke, David Hume and Immanuel Kant on the nature of the self - Essay Example Their reasoning differed on the subject and it functionality. This paper’s aim is to analyze their most vocal beliefs and findings from each individual perspective. Renee Descartes is the typical ill lustration of a rationalist thinker. Descartes stated that before one explains the nature that reality embodies or claims that something is of existence they must first illustrate that what it reality and existence in themselves are. He asserted that human beings have such an â€Å"ordinary† existence in the world that they do not have a knowledge base that they can use as foundation (Seigel ,26). He further on insisted that there is the possibility that there is not such a thing as â€Å"unshakeable truths.† This means that the things that human beings believe in and the foundation, by which they swear, could in fact be just a mere illusion. All these are things that are created by the imaginations of the human mind. Therefore, the only thing that is of absolute certainty is that the self comes into existence thing of thought (thinking thing). Locke argues that overtime the human mind remain constant and does not experience alterations. He states that the human beings does not change and remains the very same as time progresses. He asserts that this constant remainder as the same person does not have anything to do with a lack of substance change in either the mental or the physical state (Seigel ,45). He asserts that a person’s identity is only related to their consciousness. The consciousness of the thoughts that a person has as well as his actions in the present are what determine the self. He further states that when one is in touch with their memory, this creates a link between the self and consciousness of the past. His idea is that things remain of the same identity so long as they do not experience any form of alteration as then they have new beginnings. Hume is of the

Operating System Questions and Answers Example

Operating System Questions and Answers Example Questions: What are the relationships between operating systems and the hardware? Answer: Operating system is the mediator between computer hardware and application programs .It also makes all possible effort to utilize hardware resources for the application programs which are install over operating system. Without any Operating system we cannot even access any computer hardware to perform any task required by application. Operating system provides the set of instructions to hardware and takes tasks from the application program. What are the differences between distributed systems, network operating systems? Answer: Sr. No. Network Operating System Distributed System 1 The main difference in network operating system is made up of software and supplementary protocols that allow a group of computer network to be used together. On the other hand, distributed operating system is just a conventional centralized operating system however runs on numerous independent CPUs. 2 Network Operating System users are aware of multiplicity of machines. Distributed Operating System users are not aware of multiplicity of machines. 3 Performance is badly affected or even stalled if hardware is faulty. It is more reliable or fault tolerant and can perform even if certain part of the hardware starts failing. What is multicasting? Answer: In computer networking, multicast is collection of message where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously. In other words the information from the source can be transmitted to many destination in a single transmission or also it can be the information from many sources transmitted to many destination in a single transmission using different network devices and different transmission mediums. 4 What is the meaning of paging, explain by providing examples? Answer A technique used to create virtual memory inside operating systems which can confirm that the data you need is available as fast as possible. The operating system fakes a certain number of pages from your ROM (storage disks) to RAM (main memory slot). When an application needs a page that is not in RAM, the operating system copies the required page into RAM and copies another page back to the disk. For example, it reserves some size on disk which acts as ram when needed and if it does not require that size on disk is kept empty for any other data which cannot be addressed on the RAM Example: Some heavy sided application need more RAM than the usually running applications, so to deal with this paging takes place the operating system fakes the size of ram by combining the actual RAM and the virtual paged size on disk to run that application. Â  What are the features of the operating systems for security? Answer: Authentication: encompasses confirming the identity of the person who communicated a message. Encryption :The simple idea of encryption is to encrypt a communicated message so that only the anticipated receiver can decrypt and read it Intrusion detection: Efforts to detect attacks, together which can be based on successful and unsuccessful efforts numbers. Virus Protection: They are basically detection systems, which also have the ability of quarantine the affected files and rebuilding them back to their original state. Firewall: Firewalls are devices that sit on the border between two security fields and observes /log movement between them, occasionally limiting the traffic that can permit between them which are based on assured principles. 6 How do you choose between different accounts on Windows 10 and how do you specify allow/deny for users? Answer: If all the family member are going to use the same pc then they can setup family account. Furthermore it can be also setup for home ,work, school accounts as per need but in all the user who are creating account must have Microsoft account or Also can create a local account that computer. Every user account is also categorised as one or the other: An Administrator account A Standard (User) account This grouping provides a specific level of authorisation to accomplish many system tasks on the Computer. Standard user account permits a user to do make changes that affect only that account, Including: Change or remove the credential. Change the user account image. Change the theme and desktop settings. View, create and delete files, folders. Administrator account credentials are essential to do things such as: Make, change, and remove accounts. Alteration of settings that can affect all the users. Modification in security-related settings. Install and remove apps. Can modify system libraries and files in other user account. Tasks that need administrator authorisation are done via windows dialog Boxes under a Windows Security icon. Add other people to a home PC Add an account to a work or school PC

Job Involvement On Employee Satisfaction Health And Social Care Essay

This instance survey examines the relationship between occupation engagement and employee satisfaction with specific mention to medical physicians working at learning infirmaries of Riphah International University. Data was collected from 127 medical physicians. The consequences indicate that occupation engagement has a important impact of medical physicians working at learning infirmaries of Riphah International University. Schemes and recommendations are besides discussed. Field of Research: Human Resource ManagementIntroductionThe Hippocratic Oath requires that â€Å" physician shall continue the criterions of professionalism, be honest in all professional interaction and strive to describe doctors lacking in character or competency or prosecuting in fraud or misrepresentation, to allow entities † . Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh ( 2005 ) , states that professional work comprises of exercising of cognition, accomplishments and discretional judgements. These properties are developed through committedness of professionals to their professions, to their peculiar domain of work and the promotion of organic structure of cognition. Medical profession is regarded as one of the noblest professions in the universe. It is merely natural that professional organic structures every bit good as the general public expect the medical practicians to show the highest criterions of professionalism. They are besides expected to adhere to these high criterions even in the face of such hardship as unfavourable occupation environment, hapless conditions and low earning degrees. In order to prolong the trust of the people, the medical professionals must turn out their committedness to competency, unity, morality and selflessness. The best manner to beef up their professionalism is to use these properties in their day-to-day patterns ( O ‘ Neil, 2002 ) . However, the major alterations in demographic forms, composing of the employment sector, increasing consumerism coupled with worsening moral criterions are progressively exerting force per unit area on professionalism. The medical profession is no exclusion. In the current epoch of information exposure and rapid globalisation, no state can put its professionals, be they of any subject, in quarantine. The medical profession in Pakistan is besides being affected by the international tendencies, both positively and negatively. The degree of occupation satisfaction among physicians, particularly immature physicians, appears to be worsening, as they are frequently found kicking about their inappropriate on the job conditions, deficiency of calling development chances, unequal compensation and thorough working hours etc. The people, nevertheless, by and large remain apathetic to these factors and go on to believe that the physicians must demo and follow with model criterions of professionalism, simply on the footing of their occupation engagement and committedness. The profession is perceived to be a service to the ailing humanity and its members are required to lift above personal involvements while executing their responsibilities. Though a figure of surveies have been done to mensurate the extent of and the subscribers to occupation satisfaction among medical practicians, this survey intends to look into and mensurate the impact of occupation engagement on the degree of occupation satisfaction. In order to happen the direct impact of occupation engagement, no other subscribers to occupation satisfaction have been included in the survey. The survey is based on the informations collected from the medical physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of Riphah International University ( RIU ) , Islamabad viz. Pakistan Railway Hospital ( PRH ) , Rawalpindi, Islamic International Medical Complex ( IIMC ) , Islamabad and Islamic International Dental Complex ( IIDC ) Islamabad. The sample is a blend of physicians of assorted subjects like medical specialty, surgery and dental medicine.Problem StatementRIU is actively prosecuting the policy of bettering the health care substructure and criterions of patient attention services at its instruction infirmaries. The quality of the physicians and their professionalism at the occupation, is one of the major contributory factor for accomplishing the targeted high criterions. The professionalism of physicians mostly stems from the overall occupation environment in general and their degree of occupation satisfaction in peculiar. It is by and large believed that occupation engage ment has a positive correlativity with occupation satisfaction. In position of the RIU ‘s mission, to advance and pattern Islamic moralss and values in all domains of its activities, the physicians functioning at its instruction infirmaries are expected to demo greater committedness to the profession and derive satisfaction from dedication to and engagement with their occupation. However, no scientific survey has been done to mensurate this peculiar facet at any of the RIU ‘s instruction infirmaries to day of the month.Research QuestionDoes occupation engagement impact the degree of occupation satisfaction of the medical physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of RIU? If so, what extent of this impact and what is the nature of this impact, positive or negative?Scope of the survey:The survey would be transverse sectional, primary informations based. All the physicians, from House Officers to Consultants/ Professors of all the three instruction infirmaries will be included in the survey.Survey Variables:The job statement intends to prove the impact of occupation engagement ( independent variable ) on occupation satisfaction ( dependent variable ) . Therefore, the survey would be directed towards mensurating the causal result between these two variables. Job engagement is defined as â€Å" the grade of psychological designation an employee has with his/her function in the workplace † ( Kannungo, 1982 ; Robinowitz and Hall, 1977 ) . Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å" an employee ‘s satisfaction with the feelings of success achieved from the occupation, the enjoyment of executing the responsibilities of the occupation and the degree of liberty associated with the occupation. ( Yilmaz, 2002 )Literature reappraisalThe construct of occupation engagement was foremost introduced by Lodahl and Kejiner ( 1965 ) . They related the occupation engagement to the psychological designation of an person with the work or importance of work in the person ‘s self image. It has a direct correlativity with occupation satisfaction and besides influences the work public presentation, sense of accomplishment and unexplained absenteeism. ( Robinowittz and Hall, 1977 ) . However, there is a important difference in the degree and extent of occupation engagement in different types of work ( Tang, 2000 ) Job satisfaction is one of the most researched constructs. It is regarded as cardinal to work and organisational psychological science. It serves as a go-between for making relationship between working conditions, on the one manus, and individual/organizational result on the other. ( Dormann and Zapf, 2001 ) It is by and large believed that physicians are progressively demoing dissatisfaction with their occupations. A cross sectional survey carried out in the USA, in 1986 and 1997, found a worsening tendency in the satisfaction degree among general internists and household practicians of Massachusetts ( Murray. et Al. 2001 ) . Other surveies besides indicate that a stress degree of physicians has dramatically increased during the last twosome of decennaries. Though the physicians have achieved noticeable success in footings of calling and fundss, they frequently remain over worked and stressed. Consequently, the defeat, choler and restlessness are taking many of them to lose sight of their calling ends and personal aspirations. Another survey concludes that the work load, unsuitable working hours and deficiency of inducements are the major subscribers to the dissatisfaction of public wellness attention doctors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ( Kalantan, et.al. 1999 ) . A survey, based on the informations acquired at the learning infirmary of Bahawalpur, concluded that â€Å" Most of the physicians in all ranks and with different makings were found non satisfied with their occupations due to miss of proper service construction and low wages † ( Ghazali et al, 2000 ) . There are besides other studies of worsening calling satisfaction due to worsening professional liberty ( Toedtm, 2001 ) .A survey conducted among Korean doctors besides concluded that overall occupation satisfaction of doctors was highly low ( Lee et al, 2008 ) . In order to understand the kineticss of occupation engagement and occupation satisfaction, the underlying contributing factors need to be looked at before determining the impact of one on the other. Previous surveies have found that factors like income, relationships, liberty, pattern environment and the market environment are of import spheres that influence physician satisfaction ( Mello et al, 2004 ) . Job engagement is the manner a individual looks at his occupation as a relationship with the working environment and the occupation itself. How occupation involvement generates feelings of disaffection of intent, disaffection in the organisation or feeling of separation between life and occupation as perceived by an employee. This creates co-relation between occupation engagement and work disaffection ( Rabinowitz and Hall, 1981 ) . Hellriegel and Slocum ( 2004 ) have argued that since satisfaction is a determiner of the work experience, it follows that high degrees of occupation dissatisfaction are indexs of deeper organisational jobs. Job dissatisfaction is strongly linked to absenteeism, turnover, and physical and mental wellness jobs. It can be safely concluded that occupation satisfaction has a strong relationship with organisational committedness. The workers who are attracted by the occupation and organisation turn out to be most motivated. This is because their organisational committedness and occupation engagement is of a really high degree. They identify with and care about their occupations. Dissatisfaction among the medical professional is non a recent phenomenon. Excessive work burden, demand on clip and bureaucratic working environment had been the traditional thorns taking to low degree of occupation satisfaction among the physicians ( Lee et al.,2008 ) . More countries of dissatisfaction have been identified by the recent surveies which relate to decreased professional liberty over clinical determinations and decreased clip per patient. ( Murray et al. , 2001 ) . Measuring the degree of occupation satisfaction among the medical professional strictly on the footing of occupation engagement may supply a new dimension to the findings of the old surveies. The occupation engagement of the medical practicians, in this survey, is being looked at from the point of position of committedness to the profession due to its aristocracy and service to the humanity instead than due to the factors traditionally identified with this construct. MethodSampleThe survey covered all the physicians from House Officers to Consultants/Professors functioning in the three instruction infirmaries ( PRH, IIMC, IIDC ) of RIU ( module members non involved in clinical pattern are excluded ) .MeasureThe instrument, in the signifier of a questionnaire, used for probe has been adopted as follows Job engagement was measured by 9 points taken from occupation involvement graduated table of J.K.White and R.A.Ruh ( 1973 ) . Each point was measured on a five point Linkert graduated table where value of 1 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Disagree † and value of 5 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Agree † . Mean of the tonss obtained on each of the 9 points was calculated to bring forth a individual mark for occupation engagement. Job satisfaction was measured by 19 points taken from Cammann, Fichman and Klesh ( 1979 ) . Each point was measured on five point Linkert graduated table where value of 1 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Disagree † and value of 5 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Agree † . The tonss obtained on each of the 19 points were converted into mean to bring forth individual mark for occupation satisfaction. The concluding version of this questionnaire consisted of 28 inquiries utilizing five point Linkert Scale and six demographic facets.ProcedureDatas were collected, on site, over a period of 10 yearss from the pre determined sample. Purpose of the survey and the questionnaires were discussed with the decision makers of the infirmaries. One officer at every infirmary, punctually briefed about the assorted facets of the questionnaire, was nominated to personally administer and subsequently roll up the questionnaires from the respondent. A sum of 140 questionnaires were distributed among the physicians at three infirmaries of which 127 completed questionnaires were received back. Therefore, the respondents represent 90.71 % of the selected population which is a reasonably high degree of response. ( Note: Non response from a few is chiefly attributed to the physicians being on leave during the period of probe )ConsequencesTable 01: Correlation MatrixAJob SatisfactionEmployee Involvement0.43** **p a†°Ã‚ ¤ 0.01, n =127Table 02: Arrested developments AnalysisIndependent VariableBetat-valueP-valueJob Involvement 0.43 5.43 0.000 Ns =127 R Square = 0.19 ; Adjusted R Square = 0.18 ; F =29.48 ; Significance F = .000 ; Dependent Variable = Job SatisfactionFINDINGS & A ; DISCUSSIONThe correlativity analysis indicate a important relationship of 0.43** ( **p & lt ; 0.01 ) . Thus it supports hypothesis of survey that the physicians ‘ occupation satisfaction at learning infirmaries of RIU depends to good extent upon their occupation engagement. The arrested development analysis indicate that merely 19 % discrepancy in the dependant variable is explained by the independent variable. This low value indicates that there are other variables which contribute towards occupation satisfaction of physicians working at learning infirmaries of RIU. The value and T values besides show a important value which proves the hypothesis of current survey. The consequences of this survey are consistent with consequences obtained in survey conducted by Huselid & A ; Becker ( 1998 ) The concerned directors and physicians at these infirmaries were asked to show their sentiment about importance of occupation engagement at their work topographic point. After elaborate treatment the ground for this important relationship is due to the fact that these infirmaries are established with a mission to pattern ethical values, focused more on a service for community instead than fiscal additions. The physicians who join these infirmaries largely come with a mission aligned with organisational aims. Hence, apart from other factors, occupation engagement is one of the key factors which make them satisfied with their occupation. The survey contributes towards explicating importance of employee engagement in occupation satisfaction. The findings besides suggested that direction might be able to increase the degree of satisfaction with increasing the interactions with physicians in staff meetings. Doctors could be interviewed to find their perceptual experiences of direction ‘s ability to turn to these issues. Most of the Pakistani organisations do non recognize the importance of occupation engagement which as per the present survey is one of the cardinal contributing factors towards occupation satisfaction.DecisionThe primary aim of this research was to analyze the impact of occupation engagement on the degree of occupation satisfaction of physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of RIU. This survey has through empirical observation demonstrated that occupation engagement has a positive relationship with the degree of occupation satisfaction among the selected sample of physicians. Therefore, RIU may see following the policies which may further higher degrees of occupation engagement. This may besides be an effectual scheme to increase the degree of occupation engagement among the physicians and, in return, harvest the benefits of the higher efficiency and greater patient satisfaction. More investing in conditions that are contributing to increasing the occupation engagement would accomplish higher degree of occupation satisfaction, finally taking to increased patient satisfaction and organisational growing.Restrictions of the StudyIt is of import to observe that this survey is based on preset population comprising of the physicians functioning at the three learning infirmaries of RIU. As these infirmaries are being managed by the same authorization i.e. RIU, the physicians are working under the same policies and, more or less, in the similar working environment. This may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other scenes and population. Thus, farther research should try to retroflex and widen these findings to different samples in different organisational scene.

Are National Audit Office “Value for Money” Audits Themselves Value for Money?

The National Audit Office (NAO) is responsible for the financial and â€Å"value for money† audits of central government expenditure, as well as other publicly related bodies.Although there is no single definition for what a value for money audit is, the most widely accepted definitions connect value for money audits with the review of the three E’s (Lecture 2, AC340 Lent Term, Liisa Kurunmakii): †¢Economy – providing the intended service at the lowest cost possible, with regards to maintaining the quality of service †¢Efficiency – gaining the maximum output from a given level of inputs †¢Effectiveness – the extent to which these public bodies achieve their policy objectivesWith this in mind, it is clear that in order for a â€Å"value for money† audit (henceforth denoted as VFM audit) to provide value for money it must also adhere to these three E’s; a VFM audit must be minimal in terms of cost, it must be effective in terms of finding areas for improvement, and it must make the most of resources used. The VFM audit’s benefits must outweigh its costs. Throughout this essay I will explore and demonstrate with examples the conditions under which VFM audits do provide value for money, as well as when they don’t.Ultimately a VFM audit is only value for money to the extent that it leads to improvements in the way the audited bodies can improve their processes, with regards to the three E’s. Without this, the VFM audit is an unnecessary and costly extension of the financial audit. However, if the VFM audit itself is in possession of the three E’s, then it should provide value for money. In 2011, the NAO’s recommendations generated savings of ? 1. 1 billion off the back of an outlay of ? 67. 8 million (NAO Annual Report 2012).From this, it is easy to see that the NAO’s work overall yields significant benefits over costs. A 1997 paper by Summa and Pollit also show s that 95 per cent of the NAO’s recommendations were taken on board by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1994, suggesting that the organisations efforts and resources aren’t wasted. This paper also shows how the savings from recommendations coming directly from VFM audits had grown between 1992 and 1994, suggesting their growing importance.The NAO also consistently look to minimise costs and maximise efficiency, as shown in the NAO’s 2012 Annual Report. Therefore, in a very simple cost-benefit analysis, the VFM audit does seem to provide value for money. With deeper analysis, however, there are instances where such audits could lead to sub-optimal results in some situations. The bodies subjected to VFM audits primarily have social goals.For example, the NHS’ priority is to treat the unwell, while financial concerns are secondary. The mere presence of VFM audits, which despite having many non-financial aspects are ultimately financial in nature, can l ead to a focus on achieving cost efficiency as an end in itself, above any social goals. This is what Power refers to as a ‘colonising’ effect of auditing; the presence of the audit leads to the auditee focusing on the audited measure, in this case value for money.This was the case in the recent Mid Staffordshire Trust scandal; in order to achieve Foundation Trust status, the management at this hospital cut costs by removing beds, failing to invest in medical equipment and staff, and neglecting their medical duties in order to meet targets (for example, one measure on which they were judged were patient waiting times in A&E; this led to dysfunctional behaviour, as there were cases when minor injuries were treated above major illnesses in order to meet the four hour waiting time).These cuts, along with other failures, resulted in hundreds of unnecessary deaths. And yet, the hospital hit its target saving of ? 10 million; financially, it was a success, but medically a mas sive failure. While it was not directly the fault of a VFM audit, this case shows how the use of financial/economic measures for evaluating the efficiency of an organisation can lead to unintended dysfunctional outcomes.As part of the ‘New Public Management’ idea of introducing market concepts into public organisations, it could be argued that VFM audits, by explicitly mentioning ‘money’, could contribute to such failings by being rooted in the financial; a better term for VFM audits could be â€Å"performance audits†, as less emphasis is placed on financial terminology, perhaps giving the NAO scope for a more rounded audit. With this in mind, it can be argued that one of the VFM audit’s strengths is that it does take into account the effectiveness of the auditee in reaching their social objectives (as shown by the three E’s).The inherent difficulty for any public body is to balance effectiveness with efficiency and economy; the NAO mus t therefore take this into account when carrying out VFM audits, in order for the audits themselves to be of value. Auditing the effectiveness of a public organisation is a difficult task in itself, however. What does effectiveness entail, and how does one measure it? You could argue that the effectiveness of the police force could be measured by looking at the ratio of number of crimes reported to the number of crimes solved.This seems to be in line with the police force’s social goals, so in theory seems an appropriate proxy for effectiveness. Yet it is also easy to see how this metric could be manipulated; where it is unlikely that a crime will be solved, the reporting of the crime may be ignored. The measure will give a false image of the efficacy of the police force in question, when in reality they have been far from effective. This is what Power refers to as ‘de-coupling’, where the auditee is compliant with the recording of the measure, but does not behav e in a manner consistent with the intended goal of the measure.The problem here comes with making things auditable. When measuring non-financial items such as effectiveness, one must use imperfect proxies (as you cannot simply take a yard stick and measure ‘effectiveness’). If we are unable to find suitable proxies, we are not fully able to audit the effectiveness of an organisation. This then compromises the usefulness, and hence value, of a VFM audit. The above problems display the inherent problems of VFM audits; by being rooted in the financial, they can lead to public organisations de-prioritising their social obligations and objectives in order to enhance efficiency and economy.By auditing what is arguably inauditable, VFM audits can create surface compliance, where the letter but not the spirit of what is being measured is followed. Both of these are risks that need to be considered by the NAO, as they both seek to undermine the value of VFM audits. But ultimatel y, VFM audits prove their worth when they result in efficiency improvements in public organisations. This can be assessed tangibly, shown by the savings of ? 1. 1 billion from a net outlay of ? 67. 8 million. We can also clearly see the implementation of efficiency improvements in public sector bodies.It can also be argued that even the presence of VFM audits help to promote the three E’s in public sector companies (they know that they could be assessed in such a way, and will not want to appear to be excessively inefficient), although it is much more difficult to assess whether NAO audits provide value for money in this context as it is hard to know to what extent the audit presence made a difference. But overall, I believe that the evidence above shows that for the majority of situations VFM audits do indeed provide value for money.