Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Venture - Research Paper Example Through the course of its substance this examination venture features zones in the lodging that need improvement and dependent on research, proposes answers for said issue regions. Technique This exploration venture gives investigation of examination material relating to the powerful, vital and productive administration of a lodging and incorporates a nitty gritty partner investigation by drawing on that exploration. Cutoff points of Research The procedures and methodologies referenced in this examination venture are commonly relevant to any endeavor in the accommodation business; be that as it may, a few impediments may emerge in unmistakable situations where a more modified methodology might be vital. Basic Analysis and Recommendations Hospitality and the travel industry are two of the world’s enterprises that are encountering the most powerful and rising development levels. Joining the two businesses are innovative endeavors with respect to lodgings which become a scaffold between the accommodation and the travel industry enterprises. Slattery (2002) discusses how in this present day and age the component of ‘hospitality’ has been lost from the friendliness business due an increasingly industrialized methodology towards accommodation adventures. As indicated by this paper, this component has been hindered by the industrialized business vision and to reestablish it we have to comprehend neighborliness as a â€Å"social wonder including connections among people† and accordingly join the â€Å"social factor† in the arrangement of administrations in any accommodation business. This exploration further proceeds to express that to all the more likely comprehend neighborliness we have to see how it functions in private settings, for instance that of a family unit. Understanding from this setting will make cordiality adventures better ready to give food, settlement and different administrations. Be that as it may, center shouldnâ₠¬â„¢t be restricted to private settings for accommodation undertakings are after all undertakings and requires a significant business showcase cooperation. The endeavor can be effective just if sufficient consideration is paid to every one of the three areas. (Slattery, 1998). Further, the idea of cordiality is of vital significance for lodgings and their viable administration. Notwithstanding, this angle is for the most part neglected. To be progressively viable, the board needs to factor in parts of human conduct to all the more likely see how to serve their customers in an increasingly predominant way. (Brotherton and Wood, 2007). An attainability study is likewise significant and may take the designers months to gather the information that gives enough good financial contention to fabricate a lodging. (Rutherford and O’Fallen, 2007). This is a significant advance and should not be missed in light of the fact that future operational achievement expands on it. Another signi ficant worry in the cutting edge universe of globalization, development and mechanical advancement is that organizations ought to be increasingly worried about ‘going green’ and not squander the earth’s assets that are accessible for their utilization, however devise courses through which these assets can be monitored. Lodgings are a business wherein the vitality and asset utilization levels are high since they engage many individuals one after another. Anyway because of their broad utilization designs they likewise have a higher obligation to monitor assets and vitality. Inns, as other neighborliness organizations should factor in supportability and work to lessen their natural impression. Lodgings that are aware of this and properly address issues of

Depression in Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sorrow in Women - Essay Example THE side effects may not appear to be excessively genuine from the outset. Maybe an individual experiences weariness, stomach issues or chest torments. He may end up awakening at early morning times for no obvious explanation; or the difficulty might be trouble in getting the chance to rest. Conceivably an adjustment in hunger has prompted weight reduction; or perhaps the issue is overweight because of an unexpected lavish expenditure of eating. Weariness, physical agonies and change in eating or resting propensities can comprise what specialists call the substantial cover of depression.(McClelland, 2008, 64) What is sorrow Why does it harrow individuals Everyone feels 'sad on specific events. This ought not cause alert, for off days of this sort are not what specialists mean when they discuss wretchedness. As per examines, people when they are distressed with misery typically free their substance and acknowledgment for the genuine reasons of living. It could be seen that numerous am ong the discouraged ones are exposed to circumstances of disappointment, sentiment of defenselessness and the lost of physical vitality to confront life and appreciate life simultaneously. (Amunts, 2008, 15) Loosing these specific components throughout everyday life, some discouraged people resort to self destruction basically to end the misery that they are encountering. A discouraged individual thinks that its hard to perform even the most standard errands, for example, getting dressed, brushing teeth, planning breakfast and settling on routine choices. The third level, where nobody can question that you're managing misery says Yomasue (2008) is the point at which someone actually sits in a corner-nearly incapacitated investigating space. (13) Doctors regularly talk about sorrow as either intense or interminable. (Wang, 2007, 65) Acute sadness sets in from some outer reason, for example, the demise of a friend or family member, separation or some other extreme misfortune. Contingent upon the earnestness of the reason, intense sadness may a weeks ago or even months; however then it vanishes. Then again, in constant cases the devastating impacts of discouragement endure a seemingly endless amount of time after month. (Amunts, 2008, 54) Another kind of victim is the hyper burdensome. This individual teeter-totters between a hyper (from manikos, Greek for distraught) state and one of sorrow. During a hyper express, the individual gets overactive, indiscreet, frequently untidy in discourse and thinking.(Croissant, 2008, 34) Then follows a typical period, after which he dives into sadness. Some stay in the hyper state more often than not, with just short low periods. Others are the exact inverse, staying discouraged more often than not. What's more, there are the individuals who, generally, stay on a level aside from brief ups and downs.(Liu, 2008, 54) In this investigation, a comprehension of the significant issues concerning sexual orientation contrasts on misery events among people will be examined cautiously to comprehend or if nothing else explain the issues on the case that ladies are really encountering melancholy twice as much as men. Clarifying the key purposes behind this specific issue is the focal point of this specific writing based comprehension. Some Common Causes of Depression How across the board is not kidding discouragement According to Dr. Nathan S. Kline of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, it has been assessed that 15 percent of the grown-up populace of the United States has some level of sorrow which is not kidding enough to be needing treatment.(Yomasue,

1 Month, 0 Classes

1 Month, 0 Classes well only if I choose to. Tomorrow marks the beginning of IAP (Independent Activities Period)Its one of my favorite times of the year because everything is pretty much optional. MIT with no class?!?!?! SCORE. During January, a lot of people do externships, some go to Zambia, some France, some stay at home and some go to lab. After a brief search on the IAP website, I found some pretty interesting activities: Opera the Ultimate Dramatic Experience David Collins M.Ed. pre-opera lecturer and historian for Opera Boston Tue Jan 16, Thu Jan 18, Tue Jan 23, Thu Jan 25, 10:30am-01:00pm, 4-160 No enrollment limit, no advance sign up Participants requested to attend all sessions (non-series) Prereq: none Opera is the marriage of theater and music. In 4 sessions we explore the fascinating and addictive world of opera, using audio and video examples to follow the history of opera from the late Renaissance through the death of Puccini in 1924. Among the composers represented will be: Monteverdi, Rameau, Purcell, Handel, Gluck, Mozart, Beethoven, Weber, Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini, Meyerbeer, Berlioz, Gounod, Offenbach, Verdi, Wagner, Richard Strauss and Puccini. Emphasis will be placed on understanding opera as a dramatic art form expressed through music. Consideration will be given to different dramatic aesthetics crucial factors in a composers approach to opera. This course is geared for both beginners and those wishing to expand their operatic horizons. Contact: Steve Michaels, E38-400, x8-8104, [emailprotected] Sponsor: Music and Theater Arts Science Policy Bootcamp William B. Bonvilliam-Director MIT Washington, DC Office, Taras Gorshnyy, Alicia Jackson, Asher Sinensky and Cathribe Tweedie Mon Jan 22 thru Fri Jan 26, 09:30am-12:30pm, TBD Signup by: 08-Jan-2007 Limited to 25 participants. Participants requested to attend all sessions (non-series) Prereq: Geared for Grad Students or Post Doc. in Science or Engineer Science and technology public policy strongly guides the future of science education and research. Despite significant interest in science policy issues within the graduate student community at MIT, there exist few opportunities for increased understanding about and practical involvement with science policy. Given the challenges to future federal support, the aim of this five-day seminar is to introduce graduate scientists and engineers to the ‘nuts and bolts’ of science policy making. The course will expose students to the fundamental structure and dynamics of science policy and inform them of routes into a policy experience or career. This seminar is cosponsored by MITs Presidents Office that strongly supports the integration and deepening of science policy awareness within the MIT community at all levels. Web: http://stellar.mit.edu/S/project/policybootcamp/index.html Contact: Alicia Jackson, 13-4057, x3-7234, [emailprotected] Sponsor: Materials Science and Engineering Cosponsor: Presidents Office AND MY FAVORITE MIT EVENT PERIOD HANDS DOWN AND FIREWORKS!!!!111ONEONEONE!!! Annual MIT Mystery Hunt Dan Katz, Jennifer Braun Fri Jan 12 thru Mon Jan 15, 12pm-12:00am, Lobby 7 No limit but advance sign up required (see contact below) Signup by: 15-Dec-2006 Single session event Join us for the 2007 Mystery Hunt, the annual MIT puzzle and sleep-deprivation competition. Get together with friends to solve puzzles that will lead you to a coin hidden somewhere on campus. The hunt starts Friday at noon and ends when the coin is found, some days later. Please sign up at the website. Lone hunters looking for a team can sign up as unattached hunters. New hunters always welcome. Web: http://web.mit.edu/puzzle/ Contact: Jennifer Braun, [emailprotected] Sponsor: Mystery Hunt Ill be playing with some of my best friends this year, and IM INCREDIBLY STOKED. If youd like to play remotely, shoot me an email to bryanblogs [at] mit [dot] edu, and Ill respond with some info. SO EXCITED. PS. If you refresh the IAP homepage enough, you can see my friend Yonas, hes juggling. Hes also playing on our mystery hunt team.

Day Spa Business Plan - 1060 Words

Total Transformations Day Spa Business Plan Brenda Anderson University of Phoenix - Axia Total Transformations Day Spa Business Plan Description of My Business My plan for Total Transformations Day Spa concentrates on the needs of the client’s appearance and an overall feeling of well being. I will provide professional staff who offers an array of services that grants the clients assistance in hair care, tanning, and nail care as well as the total comfort in spa care. Here we focus on the entire family population that has a desire to look and feel better. We have an ample supply of top-of-the-line products for each department that our clients will be encouraged to purchase for enrichment of their services provided here at†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ I will also have, before I hire any employees, an attorney whose specialty falls under labor laws. We will be prepared due to the risk of having employees. Managers Use of Financial Information I know that providing information of financial reports is the primary objective for useful and productive decision making. This is absolutely critical for a manager in a business. For this ability I will depend on the financial reports to give me an idea of where the profits and losses were for a specific period of time, and it gives me a business look at the past, present and future in regards to expenses of operation. Within these expenses is an array of costs that include; lease or payments of buildings, salaries, utilities, profit margins, product cost, employee expenses, company benefits, comp insurance, supplies, equipment, and any other outgoing expense for the business including accounting and attorney fees. Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to doing business with you. Below, I have provided a look at what is expect through a monthly Balance Sheet here at Total Transformations Day Spa: [pic] As you can see from this mock Balance Sheet of our business, it (1) has enough assets to pay our debts when they are due, and (2) the claims of short and long-term creditors onShow MoreRelatedManhattan View Day Spa Business Plan1210 Words   |  5 Pages Business Plan OWNERS: Bishoy Meawad Manhattan View Day Spa 100 Old Palisade Rd, #103 Fort Lee, NJ 07024 (201)889-889 (973)998-998 MVdayspa@orl.com MVdayspa.org I. Table of Contents I. Table of Contents ................................................................................................... 3 II. Executive Summary............................................................................................... 4 III. 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Avoiding a Malthusian Catastrophe - 783 Words

Thomas Malthus once said, â€Å"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.† Albert Einstein might argue, on the other hand, â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention,† albeit in another context. So, which is it? Are we doomed to unchecked population growth followed by Malthusian catastrophe, or can we avoid it through increased food production, decreasing population growth rates, or some other means? To say Malthusian catastrophe is inevitable is completely unwarranted. Is it possible? Certainly – it is only logical that if human population reached levels which far outstripped food supply, the resulting global famine would create easily ignitable tensions between nations, and†¦show more content†¦This spread in the demographic data available to contemporary researchers show that as nations become more developed, fertility rates do not increase exponentially as predicted, nor even linearly, but eventually plateau or potentially even decrease. This concept, demographic transition, has many contributing factors, many of which are uncertain. Still, even if these influences are poorly constrained, the overall trend towards replacement rates of reproduction is well established. The best example of steady and sustainable population levels is the European Union. The EU is highly industrially and agriculturally developed, yet has growth rates near zero percent, and not onl y a sufficient domestic food supply, but an exportable surplus of grains. Some detractors may be quick to point out that this is not the case in many developing countries like India and Sudan, which face shortages of food and resources that are exacerbated by their rapid growth rate. While true, such criticisms do not stand up to the wealth of data showing a strongly correlated positive feedback loop between increasing education and economic gains and falling fertility rates. That is, once such nations in the second phase of demographic transition receive or implement educational and economic improvements, the resulting chain-reaction can move them into the third phase of sustainability before the population can outgrow their resources.

Understanding Finance and the Current Crisis Free Essays

string(309) " the US and UK was due to relatively easily available credit conditions that allowed a wide variety of individuals to purchase properties that were stretching their financial position to such an extent that, when fundamental factors changed, such as employment, the asset price could no longer be maintained\." Abstract The recent financial crisis has raised several different questions as to how the crisis emerged, in the first place, and whether there were any aspects of financial management that would have increased the extent of the crisis, or could be used to assist during the recovery period. Although the two primary areas that have been explored in the existing literature, namely the housing bubble and the slack credit criteria, it would appear that the real value of the existing literature came from the analysis of how the two factors interact, in terms of mitigating the ongoing economic crisis. Further research is required in this area, in order to gain a greater understanding of normal business cycles and how policy decisions can be used to influence behaviours, rather than being entirely reactive to external changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Finance and the Current Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The current financial crisis which has been seen to be at the heart of the economic difficulties began in 2007 and has produced multiple questions as to how the basic principles of finance interacted with the crisis and the way that this could be used as a means of identifying potential crises, before they happen, thus potentially offering a means of assisting in the economic recovery. By looking at the way in which the recent financial crisis has spread across the globe, a great deal of insight can be gained as to how finance operates and how potential this can create a dramatic knock-on effect which will ultimately impact on the global economic position. The aim of the literature review is to analyse the various different research papers which have emerged as a result of the current crisis, with a view to gaining a much deeper understanding of the various financial issues. More specifically, behavioural finance will be explored, as a means of identifying any gaps in understanding, as well as potentially offering explanations as to the behaviours which either mitigate or exacerbate the depth of the current economic crisis. The literature review will look at issues associated with asset fluctuations and financial behaviours associated with credit which are seen to be the two key factors before considering how both of these have impacted on the overall economic behaviours and the implications that this has for both the current economic crisis and future research in this area. Asset Fluctuations Although there have been several different factors which have links to the recent economic crisis, with much research looking at the way in which the financial market moves, when various different analytical information reaches the market (Keynes 1930), it is suggested, in this case, that where there has been a dramatic increase in asset prices which cannot necessarily be explained by financial fundamentals, there are likely to be situations that result in a boom followed by a bust (Garber, 2000). Research in this area has indicated that, where asset prices deviate from what would be expected, based on fundamental financial factors, there is some form of inefficiency within the market which, at some point, will need to be redressed. Further research goes on to look at the situation where the price of the asset extends itself to such an extent that it goes outside of what would be considered to be normal boundaries and a bubble is formed. This is commonly referred to in the press as the housing price bubble, with reference to housing assets and the way in which they increased, at an unreasonable rate, over a relatively short period of time (Zheng, 2005). A great deal of effort has been put into attempting to explain asset price bubbles and why these bubbles arise, with a variety of different explanations being put forward. One particular theory which has emerged as to why an asset bubble may arise is that individuals behave in an irrational manner when making investment decisions. Despite this, some models have developed which allow for rational behaviour, but which also allow for an asset bubble to arise, for example, where investors may have expectations about how the assets are likely to change in value, in the future (Brunnermeier, 2001). This was put forward by Blanchard and Watson, back in 1982, where it was argued that there is no need for the asset price to always be equal to the fundamental underlying value of the assets and a bubble could be established based on rational expectation. This suggests that asset movements, such as that experienced in the housing market immediately prior to the financial crisis, would not necessarily be linked to irrationality and there may be other factors which ensure that these extreme bubbles will arise. Analysis has also taken place in terms of what causes the bubbles ultimately to disappear and whether there are aspects of behavioural finance which can be used to explain this trigger point, which is seen to be fundamental to the economic crisis, during the last few years (Marazzi, 2010). It is argued that the slightest shock can create a bust situation, for example, where there is a slight change in fundamental values or the beliefs of the investors. As investors change their approach, the slightest shift can ultimately create vision turmoil to establish a bust. Consider, for example, in the housing crisis where a slight change in how mortgage holders were able to repay the amount owed immediately created a liquidity problem within the lenders. It can be seen, therefore, that even a slight change in the circumstances of the borrowers can create an asset pricing situation where the fundamental value of these assets drop and the likelihood of repayment reduces (Gorton and Ordonez, 2012). Credit Booms The other area of relevance is seen to be the areas of credit and how the credit markets influenced the financial behaviours leading up to and during the financial crisis (Brusco and Castiglionesi 2007). To a large extent, it can be argued that the increase in the asset price of housing across the US and UK was due to relatively easily available credit conditions that allowed a wide variety of individuals to purchase properties that were stretching their financial position to such an extent that, when fundamental factors changed, such as employment, the asset price could no longer be maintained. You read "Understanding Finance and the Current Crisis" in category "Essay examples" Based on the research, it has been suggested that the recent economic crisis was, in fact, down to a credit situation within the financial markets and not necessarily the asset itself, namely houses. Immediately prior to financial crises, there is indication that there was also a rapid increase in the amount of credit being made available, and during the recent financial crisis, the focus has been on credit availability for the purposes of purchasing property. However, similar issues have also emerged in short-term credit, such as personal loans and credit cards allowing individuals to gain access to credit streams that their income would not necessarily suggest should be available to the rational lender (Calomiris and Kahn, 1991). Interestingly, research has indicated that a credit boom will often happen as a result of a prolonged period of positive economic shock or following from a particular, economic growth in a region or market. This will suggest that where there was a great deal of growth and buoyancy within the housing market, this was a precursor to the credit boom (Claessens et al., 2010). It is also argued that monetary policies are also seen to be linked to the credit crisis, and that an understanding of the financial decision-making within the financial market can have a detrimental effect on whether or not the credit boom takes place. For example, it is suggested that low interest rates encouraged the US housing market and that more people were able to borrow money, at this lower interest rate. This shows an indication that a monetary policy decision, namely to reduce interest rates can have a knock-on effect on asset prices and credit availability, all of which has been arguably fundamental when it came to the recent economic crisis (Lansing, 2008). This type of activity has been referred to as financial liberalisation, whereby investors of every kind are more inclined to take financial risks and to pursue new financial opportunities, such as purchasing property. This type of liberalisation could also be seen as inherently linked to the willingness of banks to lend to customers and to have less stringent lending criteria which would appear to be linked to the volatility within the housing market, as having such financial flexibility within the banking sector allowed for the housing assets to boom, at an irrational level. This again suggests the notion that external factors and policies can ultimately change behaviours of agents within the financial markets and the decisions that they make, in terms of their own investments and their own decision-making (Dell’Ariccia, Igan and Laeven, 2012) Combined Impact on Financial Markets Having identified that there are the two factors in the unnaturally high price of assets, namely housing assets and the lenient credit conditions which were placed on the market through policy decisions such as low interest rates and low interference with banking regulations that have been deemed to be inherently linked to the recent credit crisis, it is unsurprising that a wide amount of research has been undertaken to look at how these factors came together to create the shift in the financial markets that have occurred, in recent years. By looking at the combined movement within the credit markets and within the housing market, it was established that there were substantial differences between the movements experienced as a result of external factors during a period of economic crisis and the reactions of similar changes during periods of stability. This suggests that the financial markets behave differently during a crisis, something which may be very relevant to how policymakers should behave when looking to navigate their way out of the financial crisis period. It has been identified that one of the key factors linked to a bust which is likely to result in a credit crisis can be seen in the volatility of the movement within the financial markets. Having identified that the two issues of available credit and the increasing house prices are inherently linked and that both factors led to the credit crisis, the researchers largely moved on to identifying how these factors have created the behaviours seen within the economy, in the last few years. Banking institutions have been perceived to be central to this, as these were the institution that lent the money and made credit available in the first place and also the first institution to suffer when the asset price dropped from the exceptionally high level and borrowers began to default. Research has looked at the way in which the banking institutions operate under these conditions, as it is perceived to be a particularly important means of determining the impact that the financial market is having on the credit crisis and the potential recovery. An argument has been presented which suggests that, where borrowing and lending is collateralised in some way and the market price of that collateral changes for the negative, the organisation simply cannot rely on this collateral, in order to continue its operations (Schleifer, 2000). In this case, collateral is deemed to be housing assets, although many of the financial institutions use complex arrangements in order to bundle the deb ts and sell them on to third parties, although fundamentally they were linked to the housing assets which were dropping as a result of changes in monetary policies and increasing concerns over the sustainability of house prices. Crucially, it is therefore argued according to rational behaviours where investors (in this case house buyers) opinions on the likely future for the assets and their own ability to sustain the assets change, so do the financial markets surrounding these assets, something which is particularly exacerbated when policy decisions result in an increase in interest rates and fears relating to employment levels, all of which creates a spiralling situation and potentially volatile reactions from investors. Implications of the crisis A large portion of the research and the literature in this area looks at the causes of the economic crisis and attempts to identify patterns that could offer explanatory value as to why the crisis happened in the way that it did. However, it is contended in this literature review that the real value comes from identifying the implications of the asset and credit crisis, in terms of the reactions of financial institutions and how this can potentially be used as a means of recovery for the future. Specific research looking at the reasons for the financial bubble indicated that banking institutions were central to the crisis, in terms of encouraging excess lending and therefore also encouraging the unnaturally high house prices, which became unsustainable, in the long run. Some of the literature has focused almost entirely on the economic crisis and the impact that this has had on longer-term economic activity (Claessens, Kose, and Terrones, 2012). Research has indicated that, whilst the economic crisis itself created problems in the housing market, it also ultimately led to greater widespread recession than would normally be expected in the typical cycle associated with the performance of the economy. Various different research approaches have been taken in order to compute the precise impact that the recent economic crisis has had on financial markets and how this can ultimately be used to pave the way forwards. The approach taken by Claessens, Kose, and Terrones, 2012, used traditional methodology of analysis the business cycles, in order to identify whether or not a recessionary period is being entered into. This theoretical approach argued that recessionary periods, which are associated with a form of asset crisis, in this case a credit and housing would cost more to the economy overall than any drop associated simply with equity prices, e.g. as part of the traditional business cycle. Of perhaps more interest regarding this topic, going forward, is the way in which the financial markets are likely to recover from the period of recession, with research suggesting that recovery will typically be low and weak in comparison with the volatility of the drop, in the first place (Kannan, Scott, and Terrones 2013). This body of research is deemed to be highly relevant, as it not only looks towards linking the concept of credit crisis with the way in which the financial markets are behaving, but also explores how these two factors can interact, in order to deal with the recovery, in the most appropriate way, something which is likely to be of interest to policymakers and those within financial markets, for the future. Future possible research and conclusions Despite the myriad of different research papers which focus on different aspects of the credit crisis and have looked at the interaction between credit and housing, as well as external monetary factors, the real value comes from understanding the reactions and behaviours of an economic crisis, as a means of improving recovery prospects. One particular area of research that would be beneficial in this regard is the way in which the financial markets fluctuate, even where there is no ultimate crisis. This is deemed to be important, as there is a cycle that emerges within the financial markets which must necessarily be understood, if the true measure of a crisis is to be established, in the future. Without understanding what is perceived to be ‘normal’, it is simply impractical to appreciate the cause and effect of abnormal periods within the economic cycle and how these can be reduced or mitigated, in the long run. References Blanchard, O. J., and M. W. Watson, (1982), â€Å"Bubbles, Rational Expectations and Speculative Markets,† in Crisis in Economic and Financial Structure: Bubbles, Bursts, and Shocks, P. Wachtel, ed. Lexington Books: Lexington Brunnermeier, M. (2001). Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information: Bubbles, Crashes, Technical Analysis and Herding, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brusco S. and F. Castiglionesi (2007). â€Å"Liquidity Coinsurance, Moral Hazard and Financial Contagion,† Journal of Finance 62, 2275-2302. Calomiris, C. and C. Kahn (1991). â€Å"The Role of Demandable Debt in Structuring Optimal Banking Arrangements,† American Economic Review 81, 497-513. Claessens, S., G. Dell’Ariccia, D. Igan, and L. Laeven, (2010), â€Å"Cross-Country Experience and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis,† Economic Policy. A European Forum, April 2010, Vol. 62. PP. 269-93 Claessens, S., M. A. Kose, and M. Terrones, (2012), â€Å"How do Business and Financial Cycles Interact?† Journal of International Economics, Vol. 87, pp. 178-90. Dell’Ariccia, G., D. Igan, and L. Laeven, 2012, â€Å"Credit Booms and Lending Standards: Evidence from the U.S. Subprime Mortgage Market,† Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 44, pages 367-84. Garber, P. M., (2000), Famous First Bubbles: The Fundamentals of Early Manias, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Gorton G. and G. Ordonez, (2012), â€Å"Collateral Crises,† NBER Working Papers, No. 17771, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Kannan, P., A. Scott, and M. E. Terrones, (2013), â€Å"From Recession to Recovery: How Soon and How Strong,† in S. Claessens, M. A. Kose, L. Laeven, and F. Valencia, eds., Financial Crises, Consequences, and Policy Responses, forthcoming. Keynes, J. M., (1930) The Great Slump of 1930. London: The Nation Athen?um. Lansing, K. J., 2008, â€Å"Speculative Growth and Overreaction to Technology Shocks,† Working Paper Series 2008-08, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Marazzi, C. (2010) The Violence of Financial Capitalism, NY: Schleifer, A., (2000), Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance, Oxford University Press, Oxford Zheng, Z., (2005) From Rationality to Bounded Rationality, Australian Economic Papers, December, 455-474. How to cite Understanding Finance and the Current Crisis, Essay examples

Apparent Feminisms In The Play Trifles Essay Example For Students

Apparent Feminisms In The Play Trifles Essay Apparent Feminisms In The Play Trifles Essay Male domination in 1916, when Susan Glaspells play Trifles was written, was the way of life. Men controlled most women and women were not very outspoken during that time period. Mr. Wright in her play was no different from the rest, but she made him a symbol of all the men in the community. The play opens at the scene of the crime. The first three characters who enter the room are the three men involved in the investigation of the murder at hand. The purpose of their visit is to find evidence of motivation of murder, but the women who they leave downstairs find the very evidence that they are looking for. The men presume the women to be harmless for a couple of reasons one being: the women are left in the kitchen where, according to the Sheriff, there are nothing but kitchen things(1174). His comment was in response to the County Attorneys question about the Sheriff being convinced that there was nothing important in the kitchen nothing that would point to any motive (1174). The concerns of the women are considered little or silly and insignificant and this is the most important reason for the mens comments about them. The Sheriff laughs when the women express that maybe the frozen preserves have some meaning (1174). Mr. Hale, who is the husband of one of the women, comments women are used to worrying over trifles (1174). They figure the women are not dangerous because they are in a room where there could not possibly be any evidence, but also because they believe that the womens minds are so limited to trifles that they are not a threat to the investigation. The men feel that the women cannot think, cannot act, and cannot do any harm to their investigative work. However, the women find lots of evidence in that room. They do think, act, and sabotage the investigation. They find the very evidence that the men are looking for. In most stories of this nature the men are the center of attention, but Glaspell opens our eyes to something new. Not only do the men not solve the case, but they also arent the center of attention. Even though the men were not using lots of demeaning dialogue and they are not patronizing the women, it is clear that they are using the traditional manly ways to put the women down. Men say that they are superior to women and that they can do everything by themselves, but why is it that the County Attorneys biggest dilemma is that he cannot figure this case out by himself yet the women can? The mens lack of knowledge, the failure to solve the case, and the mens insignificance in the play speak for themselves. This is a reversal of the characterizations of the women of that time period. Glaspell was successful in showing us this by letting the audience see everything from a womans point of view. Not only were the men superficial feminists, they were simply trifles. Theater .

Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Essay Sample free essay sample

Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Consider this. President John F. Kennedy or Doctor Martin Luther King Junior would be partial to what affirmatory action has turned out to be. President Kennedy would proclaim what person could make for their state. Doctor King would be in resistance to the prejudiced impressions of affirmatory action by confirming to Americans to set preference aside to accomplish equality. non discriminatory intervention. America has distorted and moved beyond the bulk of racial barriers of the sixtiess. For case. Barack Obama. an Afro-american. was elected president of the United States in 2008 and reelected in 2012 in a state where Whites and inkinesss had to utilize separate H2O fountains merely less than fifty old ages earlier. Affirmative action is perchance one of the more ill-famed issues in the United States of American today. Put into action in response to many old ages of segregation. which marginalized the Afro-american pop ulation of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action Produces Double Standard in College Admission Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page affirmatory action was intended to revoke the unethical determinations of the yesteryear. and level the playing field in footings of employment. instruction and lodging. The phrase ‘affirmative action’ was originally used by President John F. Kennedy on March 6. 1961. in Executive Order 10925. The purpose was to set up the government’s staunchness to equal chance for all qualified persons. and to take definite action to reenforce attempts to recognize equal chance for all. In 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson. superseded Executive Order 10925 with Executive Order 11246. which prohibited â€Å"employment favoritism based on race. colour. faith. and national beginning by those organisations having federal contracts and subcontracts† ( Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity n. pag. ) . Affirmative action is used to back up processs that achieve non-discrimination. In other words. it is intended to advance equal chance. The rationalisation for affirmatory action is that it compensates for â€Å"past favoritism. persecution or development by the governing category of a civilization. and to turn to bing discrimination† ( The Burning Platform n. pag. ) . Unfortunately. affirmatory action is rearward favoritism. which has obnoxious effects neglecting to convey to fruition its original purposes. Furthermore. affirmatory action is a impermanent solution and has no topographic point in today’s society. particularly in college admittance standards. The minute higher academic establishments incorporated affirmatory action into admittances standards. definite properties of applicants’ decreased. institutional support was placed in hazard. and bias scholarships were created. seting other minority groups at hazard. First. universities modify admittances demands. which allows for persons with below mean classs and accomplishments admittance into establishments of higher instruction. This is non merely corrupting and dissing to African-Americans. but it besides gives rise to performance-hindering stigma by â€Å"undermining the accomplishments of minorities† ( Friedman 26 ) . Furthermore. affirmatory action diminishes the successes of persons. doing affirmatory action counterproductive. Affirmative action labels the receivers as missing ability and mentally secon d-rate. It frequently overlooks curriculum differences. which play an built-in map in college admittance and graduation rates. For case. â€Å"Carnegie Mellon University and CalTech are to a great extent oriented toward the scientific disciplines. Fieldss in which inkinesss have ever had a little presence† ( The Burning Platform n. pag. ) . It obstructs appeasement. replacing out-of-date unfairnesss with modern unfairnesss. and convinces admittance campaigners to sort themselves as disadvantaged. even if they are non. Second. the monetary value and fiscal emphasis of affirmatory action plans should non be forgotten with pecuniary support furnished by taxpayers. and in utmost state of affairss. puting universities under extreme examination. Like any national plans intended to run into a peculiar adversity of an underserviced group. capital to endorse these policies comes from the populace sector. Money for affirmatory action plans is frequently set aside at the disbursal of much needed wellness attention plans. It is likely that affirmatory action plans eradicate one hundred billion in taxpayer dollars ( Whitaker 6 ) . In 2010. North Carolina State University wasted an estimated $ 1. 9 million dollars on a month long run to pull Afro-american females. The university had to increase its current registration of this minority group to three per centum. or lose critical federal and province support. Additionally. universities with a high Afro-american graduation rate provide a dearly-won nurturing environment. dwelling of orientation and keeping plans for black pupils. These third establishments place black pupil keeping and graduation rates above other enrolled pupils. It is clear that the extravagancy of prolonging affirmatory action plans at universities is a liability to the taxpayer and hence. the cost of such discriminatory plans outweigh the advantages. Third. rivals of affirmatory action contemplate that it maintains the construct of race: thriving in society. making separation alternatively of integrity. Separation can be witnessed in â€Å"color based scholarships and plans that give prefere ntiality to African-Americans and except bulk groups such as Caucasians† ( Whitaker 12 ) . By puting aside scholarships for African-Americans. Caucasic undergraduates are being discriminated against. peculiarly when a ‘white only’ scholarship is deemed racially prejudiced. Therefore. racial struggle is escalated and benefits the more fortunate public within the minority groups. upper-middle category African-Americans. at the disbursal of the least privileged within the bulk public. such as low-class Caucasians. These unseeable victims of affirmatory action’s lofty picks are human deaths of a barbarous dual criterion created by minority scholarships. Therefore. affirmatory action’s usage of categorized racial favoritism to allow African-Americans scholarships is insensitive and dissentious the policy’s declarations are compromised in their executing. The most widespread claim for affirmatory action is it amends the unfairness and favoritism created by segregation. Those who champion affirmatory action. like Beth Herring. alluded to the soci etal nature of affirmatory action by breaking the opportunities of an equal playing field. She believes. â€Å"education is the lone guaranteed flight latch on poorness that there is. Without person believing holistically about my application manner back when. I doubt really earnestly I would be sitting here earlier you† ( Kroft ) . Furthermore. advocates of affirmatory action have the most confidence in their perceptual experience that it creates diverseness in its projects. Their line of logical thinking is that for a â€Å"nation whose pride lies in the unbounded diverseness of it is people. why should America deficiency in assortment in the representation of its comfortable people and leaders† ( Guernsey 20 ) ? In other words. America’s diverse population should be reflected in all facets of leading. instruction. and social equality. Affirmative action can vouch these aims are met by providing minorities and underrepresented genders with chances they would non otherwise have. Advocates of affirmatory action should see present twenty-four hours society can non be held accountable for past decennaries of favoritism. The evil of affirmatory ac tion. such as racial favouritism and bias. are acceptable and overcast the cover of good will. therefore challenging that the policy leads to diverseness. However. by cut downing admittance norms and passing unearned benefits to African americans on applications or leading chances. the attack is switching the playing field to disrespect persons of the bulk group. Additionally. as aforesaid. affirmatory action creates racial apprehensiveness that hinders harmony among the minority and bulk groups. The purpose of oppositions of affirmatory action is non to minimise it. but. to do known that even executing good plants has its limitations. By measuring the present development of affirmatory action. an ascent or complete abolition is necessary. One declaration would be extinguishing partizan plans and quota strategies such as affirmatory action. As Guernsey suggests. another realistic solution includes finding affirmatory action programs’ receivers based entirely on virtue and economic demand ( 97-98 ) . With respects to grants and scholarships. virtue based assistance is advantageous. because nose count classs are purged from the ap plications. Thus donees are non wholly from one minority group. In add-on. William Whitaker argues that â€Å"people who work hard and play by the established virtue regulations should non be denied chances because of race and gender qualifications† ( 7 ) . â€Å"Affirmative action is a impermanent intercession designed to accomplish equal employment chance without take downing criterions. and without unduly treading the calling aspirations or outlooks of current organisational members who are competent in their jobs† ( Pienaar 4 ) . Affirmative action is the band-aide that needs to be removed with one clean pull. Trying to repair and pull off it would be an tremendous faux pas. â€Å"Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. the lone current black Justice. opposes affirmatory action† ( Kroft ) . Justice Thomas considers the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits affirmatory action or discriminatory intervention. He besides believes it creates â€Å"a cult of victimization† and implies inkinesss require â€Å"special intervention in order to succeed† ( Kroft ) . Affirmative action supports minority groups to delegate themselves as portion of favorite groups. to take advantage of group penc hant policies. which tend to profit chiefly upper and in-between category African-Americans. often to the hurt of low income Caucasians and Asians. Again. as higher academic establishments incorporated affirmatory action into admittances standards. definite properties of applicants’ lessenings. institutional support is placed in hazard. and bias scholarships are created. seting other minority groups at hazard ( for being overlooked ) . Plants Cited Chen. Jim. â€Å"Symposium on Affirmative Action: Diverseness and Damnation. † 11 Apr. 2009. Is Affirmative Action Still Needed? Ed. Theodore Wood. 20 Apr. 2009. Friedman. Lauri S. Racism: Writing the Critical Essay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 2007. Print. Guernsey. JoAnn Bren. Affirmative Action: A Problem or a Remedy? . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company. 1997. Print Human. L. . Abednego Maphumulo. Mpumelelo Obed Mbatha. and G. S. Zulu. Affirmative Action and the Development of Peoples: A Practical Guide. Kenwyn: Juta A ; Co. Ltd. 1993. Print.Kroft. Steve. â€Å"Clarence Thomas: The Justice Cipher Knows. † CBSNews. com. 1 Feb. 2009. 09 Nov. 2012.Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity. â€Å"A Brief History of Affirmative Action. † OEOD. uci. edu. 03 May 2010. 09 Nov. 2012.Pienaar. Jacques Schalk. â€Å"PERCEPTIONS OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE POTENTIAL UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES THEREOF IN THE WORKEnvironment: A STUDY OF THE DESIGNATED AND NON-DESIGNATEDGROUPS IN SOUTH AFRICA. † UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH. Western Cape: Stellenbosch University. 27 Dec. 2009.The Burning Platform. â€Å"AFFIRMATIVE ACTION? . † The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 2007 ) : n. pag. Web. 09 Nov 2012.Whitaker. William A. White Male Applicant: An Affirmative Action Expose. Izmir: AproposPress. 1996 Print.

Strong Acid Definition and Examples

Strong Acid Definition and Examples A strong acid is an acid that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous solution. It is a chemical species with a high capacity to lose a proton, H. In water, a strong acid loses one proton, which is captured by water to form the hydronium ion: HA(aq) H2O → H3O(aq) A−(aq) Diprotic and polyprotic acids may lose more than one proton, but the strong acid pKa value and reaction only refers to the loss of the first proton. Strong acids have a small logarithmic constant (pKa) and a large acid dissociation constant (Ka). Most strong acids are corrosive, but some of the superacids are not corrosive. In contrast, some of the weak acids (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) may be highly corrosive. Note: As acid concentration increases, the ability to dissociate diminishes. Under normal conditions in water, strong acids dissociate completely, but extremely concentrated solutions do not. Examples of Strong Acids While there are many weak acids, there are few strong acids. The common strong acids include: HCl (hydrochloric acid)H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)HNO3 (nitric acid)HBr (hydrobromic acid)HClO4 (perchloric acid)HI (hydroiodic acid)p-toluenesulfonic acid (an organic soluble strong acid)methanesulfonic acid (a liquid organic strong acid) The following acids dissociate almost completely in water, so they are often considered to be strong acids, although they are not more acidic than the hydronium ion, H3O. HNO3Â  (nitric acid)HClO3Â  (chloric acid) Some chemists consider the hydronium ion, bromic acid, periodic acid, perbromic acid, and periodic acid to be strong acids. If the ability to donate protons is used as the primary criterion for acid strength, then the strong acids (from strongest to weakest) would be: H[SbF6]Â  (fluoroantimonic acid)FSO3HSbF5Â  (magic acid)H(CHB11Cl11)Â  (carborane superacid)FSO3HÂ  (fluorosulfuric acid)CF3SO3HÂ  (triflic acid) These are the superacids, which are defined as acids that are more acidic than 100% sulfuric acid. The superacids permanently protonate water. Factors That Determine Acid Strength You may be wondering why the strong acids dissociate so well, or why certain weak acids do not completely ionize. A few factors come into play: atomic radius - As the atomic radius increases, so does acidity. For example, HI is a stronger acid than HCl (iodine is a larger atom than chlorine).electronegativity - The more electronegative a conjugate base in the same period of the periodic table is (A-), the more acidic it is.electrical charge - The more positive the charge on an atom, the higher its acidity. In other words, its easier to take a proton from a neutral species than from one with a negative charge.equilibrium - When an acid dissociates, equilibrium is reached with its conjugate base. In the case of strong acids, the equilibrium strongly favors the product or is to the right of a chemical equation. The conjugate base of a strong acid is much weaker than water as a base.solvent - In most applications, strong acids are discussed in relation to water as a solvent. However, acidity and basicity have meaning in nonaqueous solvent. For example, in liquid ammonia, acetic acid ionizes completely and may be considered a str ong acid, even though it is a weak acid in water.

Applauding William Paterson Universitys Concert Performance Essay

Applauding William Paterson Universitys Concert Performance - Essay Example As the school’s Concert Band and Wind Ensemble played such favorites as Allegro Giocoso and Folk Song Suite, there were elements of strong orchestral harmony throughout the duration of their performances, which provided a competent musical event. No tangible discrepancies were noticed in relation to keeping up with the conductor’s tempo, suggesting a group which has practiced and rehearsed to remain harmonious. However, the Wind Ensemble appeared struggle through I Am – Richard Boysen, Jr. which may have been due to the difficulty of the piece as it is associated with a saxophone player who died in a car accident. The violent clashing of symbols to represent the accident’s hideous disgrace really emphasized the importance of the contemporary concert piece. Percussion dominated much of this series of performances, which added grandeur and excitement to the music. I have often thought that cymbals are often some of the most important instruments in the conce rt performance, as a slightly off-tempo clash can interrupt the harmony of the music. This performance lacked nothing in relation to maintaining the appropriate pace. Cymbals are used to represent a variety of emotions, perhaps as a stylistic tribute to history or as a remembrance piece to an influential person of interest.

Compare and contrast John Locke, David Hume and Immanuel Kant on the Essay

Compare and contrast John Locke, David Hume and Immanuel Kant on the nature of the self - Essay Example Their reasoning differed on the subject and it functionality. This paper’s aim is to analyze their most vocal beliefs and findings from each individual perspective. Renee Descartes is the typical ill lustration of a rationalist thinker. Descartes stated that before one explains the nature that reality embodies or claims that something is of existence they must first illustrate that what it reality and existence in themselves are. He asserted that human beings have such an â€Å"ordinary† existence in the world that they do not have a knowledge base that they can use as foundation (Seigel ,26). He further on insisted that there is the possibility that there is not such a thing as â€Å"unshakeable truths.† This means that the things that human beings believe in and the foundation, by which they swear, could in fact be just a mere illusion. All these are things that are created by the imaginations of the human mind. Therefore, the only thing that is of absolute certainty is that the self comes into existence thing of thought (thinking thing). Locke argues that overtime the human mind remain constant and does not experience alterations. He states that the human beings does not change and remains the very same as time progresses. He asserts that this constant remainder as the same person does not have anything to do with a lack of substance change in either the mental or the physical state (Seigel ,45). He asserts that a person’s identity is only related to their consciousness. The consciousness of the thoughts that a person has as well as his actions in the present are what determine the self. He further states that when one is in touch with their memory, this creates a link between the self and consciousness of the past. His idea is that things remain of the same identity so long as they do not experience any form of alteration as then they have new beginnings. Hume is of the

Operating System Questions and Answers Example

Operating System Questions and Answers Example Questions: What are the relationships between operating systems and the hardware? Answer: Operating system is the mediator between computer hardware and application programs .It also makes all possible effort to utilize hardware resources for the application programs which are install over operating system. Without any Operating system we cannot even access any computer hardware to perform any task required by application. Operating system provides the set of instructions to hardware and takes tasks from the application program. What are the differences between distributed systems, network operating systems? Answer: Sr. No. Network Operating System Distributed System 1 The main difference in network operating system is made up of software and supplementary protocols that allow a group of computer network to be used together. On the other hand, distributed operating system is just a conventional centralized operating system however runs on numerous independent CPUs. 2 Network Operating System users are aware of multiplicity of machines. Distributed Operating System users are not aware of multiplicity of machines. 3 Performance is badly affected or even stalled if hardware is faulty. It is more reliable or fault tolerant and can perform even if certain part of the hardware starts failing. What is multicasting? Answer: In computer networking, multicast is collection of message where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously. In other words the information from the source can be transmitted to many destination in a single transmission or also it can be the information from many sources transmitted to many destination in a single transmission using different network devices and different transmission mediums. 4 What is the meaning of paging, explain by providing examples? Answer A technique used to create virtual memory inside operating systems which can confirm that the data you need is available as fast as possible. The operating system fakes a certain number of pages from your ROM (storage disks) to RAM (main memory slot). When an application needs a page that is not in RAM, the operating system copies the required page into RAM and copies another page back to the disk. For example, it reserves some size on disk which acts as ram when needed and if it does not require that size on disk is kept empty for any other data which cannot be addressed on the RAM Example: Some heavy sided application need more RAM than the usually running applications, so to deal with this paging takes place the operating system fakes the size of ram by combining the actual RAM and the virtual paged size on disk to run that application. Â  What are the features of the operating systems for security? Answer: Authentication: encompasses confirming the identity of the person who communicated a message. Encryption :The simple idea of encryption is to encrypt a communicated message so that only the anticipated receiver can decrypt and read it Intrusion detection: Efforts to detect attacks, together which can be based on successful and unsuccessful efforts numbers. Virus Protection: They are basically detection systems, which also have the ability of quarantine the affected files and rebuilding them back to their original state. Firewall: Firewalls are devices that sit on the border between two security fields and observes /log movement between them, occasionally limiting the traffic that can permit between them which are based on assured principles. 6 How do you choose between different accounts on Windows 10 and how do you specify allow/deny for users? Answer: If all the family member are going to use the same pc then they can setup family account. Furthermore it can be also setup for home ,work, school accounts as per need but in all the user who are creating account must have Microsoft account or Also can create a local account that computer. Every user account is also categorised as one or the other: An Administrator account A Standard (User) account This grouping provides a specific level of authorisation to accomplish many system tasks on the Computer. Standard user account permits a user to do make changes that affect only that account, Including: Change or remove the credential. Change the user account image. Change the theme and desktop settings. View, create and delete files, folders. Administrator account credentials are essential to do things such as: Make, change, and remove accounts. Alteration of settings that can affect all the users. Modification in security-related settings. Install and remove apps. Can modify system libraries and files in other user account. Tasks that need administrator authorisation are done via windows dialog Boxes under a Windows Security icon. Add other people to a home PC Add an account to a work or school PC

Job Involvement On Employee Satisfaction Health And Social Care Essay

This instance survey examines the relationship between occupation engagement and employee satisfaction with specific mention to medical physicians working at learning infirmaries of Riphah International University. Data was collected from 127 medical physicians. The consequences indicate that occupation engagement has a important impact of medical physicians working at learning infirmaries of Riphah International University. Schemes and recommendations are besides discussed. Field of Research: Human Resource ManagementIntroductionThe Hippocratic Oath requires that â€Å" physician shall continue the criterions of professionalism, be honest in all professional interaction and strive to describe doctors lacking in character or competency or prosecuting in fraud or misrepresentation, to allow entities † . Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh ( 2005 ) , states that professional work comprises of exercising of cognition, accomplishments and discretional judgements. These properties are developed through committedness of professionals to their professions, to their peculiar domain of work and the promotion of organic structure of cognition. Medical profession is regarded as one of the noblest professions in the universe. It is merely natural that professional organic structures every bit good as the general public expect the medical practicians to show the highest criterions of professionalism. They are besides expected to adhere to these high criterions even in the face of such hardship as unfavourable occupation environment, hapless conditions and low earning degrees. In order to prolong the trust of the people, the medical professionals must turn out their committedness to competency, unity, morality and selflessness. The best manner to beef up their professionalism is to use these properties in their day-to-day patterns ( O ‘ Neil, 2002 ) . However, the major alterations in demographic forms, composing of the employment sector, increasing consumerism coupled with worsening moral criterions are progressively exerting force per unit area on professionalism. The medical profession is no exclusion. In the current epoch of information exposure and rapid globalisation, no state can put its professionals, be they of any subject, in quarantine. The medical profession in Pakistan is besides being affected by the international tendencies, both positively and negatively. The degree of occupation satisfaction among physicians, particularly immature physicians, appears to be worsening, as they are frequently found kicking about their inappropriate on the job conditions, deficiency of calling development chances, unequal compensation and thorough working hours etc. The people, nevertheless, by and large remain apathetic to these factors and go on to believe that the physicians must demo and follow with model criterions of professionalism, simply on the footing of their occupation engagement and committedness. The profession is perceived to be a service to the ailing humanity and its members are required to lift above personal involvements while executing their responsibilities. Though a figure of surveies have been done to mensurate the extent of and the subscribers to occupation satisfaction among medical practicians, this survey intends to look into and mensurate the impact of occupation engagement on the degree of occupation satisfaction. In order to happen the direct impact of occupation engagement, no other subscribers to occupation satisfaction have been included in the survey. The survey is based on the informations collected from the medical physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of Riphah International University ( RIU ) , Islamabad viz. Pakistan Railway Hospital ( PRH ) , Rawalpindi, Islamic International Medical Complex ( IIMC ) , Islamabad and Islamic International Dental Complex ( IIDC ) Islamabad. The sample is a blend of physicians of assorted subjects like medical specialty, surgery and dental medicine.Problem StatementRIU is actively prosecuting the policy of bettering the health care substructure and criterions of patient attention services at its instruction infirmaries. The quality of the physicians and their professionalism at the occupation, is one of the major contributory factor for accomplishing the targeted high criterions. The professionalism of physicians mostly stems from the overall occupation environment in general and their degree of occupation satisfaction in peculiar. It is by and large believed that occupation engage ment has a positive correlativity with occupation satisfaction. In position of the RIU ‘s mission, to advance and pattern Islamic moralss and values in all domains of its activities, the physicians functioning at its instruction infirmaries are expected to demo greater committedness to the profession and derive satisfaction from dedication to and engagement with their occupation. However, no scientific survey has been done to mensurate this peculiar facet at any of the RIU ‘s instruction infirmaries to day of the month.Research QuestionDoes occupation engagement impact the degree of occupation satisfaction of the medical physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of RIU? If so, what extent of this impact and what is the nature of this impact, positive or negative?Scope of the survey:The survey would be transverse sectional, primary informations based. All the physicians, from House Officers to Consultants/ Professors of all the three instruction infirmaries will be included in the survey.Survey Variables:The job statement intends to prove the impact of occupation engagement ( independent variable ) on occupation satisfaction ( dependent variable ) . Therefore, the survey would be directed towards mensurating the causal result between these two variables. Job engagement is defined as â€Å" the grade of psychological designation an employee has with his/her function in the workplace † ( Kannungo, 1982 ; Robinowitz and Hall, 1977 ) . Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å" an employee ‘s satisfaction with the feelings of success achieved from the occupation, the enjoyment of executing the responsibilities of the occupation and the degree of liberty associated with the occupation. ( Yilmaz, 2002 )Literature reappraisalThe construct of occupation engagement was foremost introduced by Lodahl and Kejiner ( 1965 ) . They related the occupation engagement to the psychological designation of an person with the work or importance of work in the person ‘s self image. It has a direct correlativity with occupation satisfaction and besides influences the work public presentation, sense of accomplishment and unexplained absenteeism. ( Robinowittz and Hall, 1977 ) . However, there is a important difference in the degree and extent of occupation engagement in different types of work ( Tang, 2000 ) Job satisfaction is one of the most researched constructs. It is regarded as cardinal to work and organisational psychological science. It serves as a go-between for making relationship between working conditions, on the one manus, and individual/organizational result on the other. ( Dormann and Zapf, 2001 ) It is by and large believed that physicians are progressively demoing dissatisfaction with their occupations. A cross sectional survey carried out in the USA, in 1986 and 1997, found a worsening tendency in the satisfaction degree among general internists and household practicians of Massachusetts ( Murray. et Al. 2001 ) . Other surveies besides indicate that a stress degree of physicians has dramatically increased during the last twosome of decennaries. Though the physicians have achieved noticeable success in footings of calling and fundss, they frequently remain over worked and stressed. Consequently, the defeat, choler and restlessness are taking many of them to lose sight of their calling ends and personal aspirations. Another survey concludes that the work load, unsuitable working hours and deficiency of inducements are the major subscribers to the dissatisfaction of public wellness attention doctors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ( Kalantan, et.al. 1999 ) . A survey, based on the informations acquired at the learning infirmary of Bahawalpur, concluded that â€Å" Most of the physicians in all ranks and with different makings were found non satisfied with their occupations due to miss of proper service construction and low wages † ( Ghazali et al, 2000 ) . There are besides other studies of worsening calling satisfaction due to worsening professional liberty ( Toedtm, 2001 ) .A survey conducted among Korean doctors besides concluded that overall occupation satisfaction of doctors was highly low ( Lee et al, 2008 ) . In order to understand the kineticss of occupation engagement and occupation satisfaction, the underlying contributing factors need to be looked at before determining the impact of one on the other. Previous surveies have found that factors like income, relationships, liberty, pattern environment and the market environment are of import spheres that influence physician satisfaction ( Mello et al, 2004 ) . Job engagement is the manner a individual looks at his occupation as a relationship with the working environment and the occupation itself. How occupation involvement generates feelings of disaffection of intent, disaffection in the organisation or feeling of separation between life and occupation as perceived by an employee. This creates co-relation between occupation engagement and work disaffection ( Rabinowitz and Hall, 1981 ) . Hellriegel and Slocum ( 2004 ) have argued that since satisfaction is a determiner of the work experience, it follows that high degrees of occupation dissatisfaction are indexs of deeper organisational jobs. Job dissatisfaction is strongly linked to absenteeism, turnover, and physical and mental wellness jobs. It can be safely concluded that occupation satisfaction has a strong relationship with organisational committedness. The workers who are attracted by the occupation and organisation turn out to be most motivated. This is because their organisational committedness and occupation engagement is of a really high degree. They identify with and care about their occupations. Dissatisfaction among the medical professional is non a recent phenomenon. Excessive work burden, demand on clip and bureaucratic working environment had been the traditional thorns taking to low degree of occupation satisfaction among the physicians ( Lee et al.,2008 ) . More countries of dissatisfaction have been identified by the recent surveies which relate to decreased professional liberty over clinical determinations and decreased clip per patient. ( Murray et al. , 2001 ) . Measuring the degree of occupation satisfaction among the medical professional strictly on the footing of occupation engagement may supply a new dimension to the findings of the old surveies. The occupation engagement of the medical practicians, in this survey, is being looked at from the point of position of committedness to the profession due to its aristocracy and service to the humanity instead than due to the factors traditionally identified with this construct. MethodSampleThe survey covered all the physicians from House Officers to Consultants/Professors functioning in the three instruction infirmaries ( PRH, IIMC, IIDC ) of RIU ( module members non involved in clinical pattern are excluded ) .MeasureThe instrument, in the signifier of a questionnaire, used for probe has been adopted as follows Job engagement was measured by 9 points taken from occupation involvement graduated table of J.K.White and R.A.Ruh ( 1973 ) . Each point was measured on a five point Linkert graduated table where value of 1 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Disagree † and value of 5 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Agree † . Mean of the tonss obtained on each of the 9 points was calculated to bring forth a individual mark for occupation engagement. Job satisfaction was measured by 19 points taken from Cammann, Fichman and Klesh ( 1979 ) . Each point was measured on five point Linkert graduated table where value of 1 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Disagree † and value of 5 corresponded to â€Å" Strongly Agree † . The tonss obtained on each of the 19 points were converted into mean to bring forth individual mark for occupation satisfaction. The concluding version of this questionnaire consisted of 28 inquiries utilizing five point Linkert Scale and six demographic facets.ProcedureDatas were collected, on site, over a period of 10 yearss from the pre determined sample. Purpose of the survey and the questionnaires were discussed with the decision makers of the infirmaries. One officer at every infirmary, punctually briefed about the assorted facets of the questionnaire, was nominated to personally administer and subsequently roll up the questionnaires from the respondent. A sum of 140 questionnaires were distributed among the physicians at three infirmaries of which 127 completed questionnaires were received back. Therefore, the respondents represent 90.71 % of the selected population which is a reasonably high degree of response. ( Note: Non response from a few is chiefly attributed to the physicians being on leave during the period of probe )ConsequencesTable 01: Correlation MatrixAJob SatisfactionEmployee Involvement0.43** **p a†°Ã‚ ¤ 0.01, n =127Table 02: Arrested developments AnalysisIndependent VariableBetat-valueP-valueJob Involvement 0.43 5.43 0.000 Ns =127 R Square = 0.19 ; Adjusted R Square = 0.18 ; F =29.48 ; Significance F = .000 ; Dependent Variable = Job SatisfactionFINDINGS & A ; DISCUSSIONThe correlativity analysis indicate a important relationship of 0.43** ( **p & lt ; 0.01 ) . Thus it supports hypothesis of survey that the physicians ‘ occupation satisfaction at learning infirmaries of RIU depends to good extent upon their occupation engagement. The arrested development analysis indicate that merely 19 % discrepancy in the dependant variable is explained by the independent variable. This low value indicates that there are other variables which contribute towards occupation satisfaction of physicians working at learning infirmaries of RIU. The value and T values besides show a important value which proves the hypothesis of current survey. The consequences of this survey are consistent with consequences obtained in survey conducted by Huselid & A ; Becker ( 1998 ) The concerned directors and physicians at these infirmaries were asked to show their sentiment about importance of occupation engagement at their work topographic point. After elaborate treatment the ground for this important relationship is due to the fact that these infirmaries are established with a mission to pattern ethical values, focused more on a service for community instead than fiscal additions. The physicians who join these infirmaries largely come with a mission aligned with organisational aims. Hence, apart from other factors, occupation engagement is one of the key factors which make them satisfied with their occupation. The survey contributes towards explicating importance of employee engagement in occupation satisfaction. The findings besides suggested that direction might be able to increase the degree of satisfaction with increasing the interactions with physicians in staff meetings. Doctors could be interviewed to find their perceptual experiences of direction ‘s ability to turn to these issues. Most of the Pakistani organisations do non recognize the importance of occupation engagement which as per the present survey is one of the cardinal contributing factors towards occupation satisfaction.DecisionThe primary aim of this research was to analyze the impact of occupation engagement on the degree of occupation satisfaction of physicians functioning at the learning infirmaries of RIU. This survey has through empirical observation demonstrated that occupation engagement has a positive relationship with the degree of occupation satisfaction among the selected sample of physicians. Therefore, RIU may see following the policies which may further higher degrees of occupation engagement. This may besides be an effectual scheme to increase the degree of occupation engagement among the physicians and, in return, harvest the benefits of the higher efficiency and greater patient satisfaction. More investing in conditions that are contributing to increasing the occupation engagement would accomplish higher degree of occupation satisfaction, finally taking to increased patient satisfaction and organisational growing.Restrictions of the StudyIt is of import to observe that this survey is based on preset population comprising of the physicians functioning at the three learning infirmaries of RIU. As these infirmaries are being managed by the same authorization i.e. RIU, the physicians are working under the same policies and, more or less, in the similar working environment. This may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other scenes and population. Thus, farther research should try to retroflex and widen these findings to different samples in different organisational scene.

Are National Audit Office “Value for Money” Audits Themselves Value for Money?

The National Audit Office (NAO) is responsible for the financial and â€Å"value for money† audits of central government expenditure, as well as other publicly related bodies.Although there is no single definition for what a value for money audit is, the most widely accepted definitions connect value for money audits with the review of the three E’s (Lecture 2, AC340 Lent Term, Liisa Kurunmakii): †¢Economy – providing the intended service at the lowest cost possible, with regards to maintaining the quality of service †¢Efficiency – gaining the maximum output from a given level of inputs †¢Effectiveness – the extent to which these public bodies achieve their policy objectivesWith this in mind, it is clear that in order for a â€Å"value for money† audit (henceforth denoted as VFM audit) to provide value for money it must also adhere to these three E’s; a VFM audit must be minimal in terms of cost, it must be effective in terms of finding areas for improvement, and it must make the most of resources used. The VFM audit’s benefits must outweigh its costs. Throughout this essay I will explore and demonstrate with examples the conditions under which VFM audits do provide value for money, as well as when they don’t.Ultimately a VFM audit is only value for money to the extent that it leads to improvements in the way the audited bodies can improve their processes, with regards to the three E’s. Without this, the VFM audit is an unnecessary and costly extension of the financial audit. However, if the VFM audit itself is in possession of the three E’s, then it should provide value for money. In 2011, the NAO’s recommendations generated savings of ? 1. 1 billion off the back of an outlay of ? 67. 8 million (NAO Annual Report 2012).From this, it is easy to see that the NAO’s work overall yields significant benefits over costs. A 1997 paper by Summa and Pollit also show s that 95 per cent of the NAO’s recommendations were taken on board by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1994, suggesting that the organisations efforts and resources aren’t wasted. This paper also shows how the savings from recommendations coming directly from VFM audits had grown between 1992 and 1994, suggesting their growing importance.The NAO also consistently look to minimise costs and maximise efficiency, as shown in the NAO’s 2012 Annual Report. Therefore, in a very simple cost-benefit analysis, the VFM audit does seem to provide value for money. With deeper analysis, however, there are instances where such audits could lead to sub-optimal results in some situations. The bodies subjected to VFM audits primarily have social goals.For example, the NHS’ priority is to treat the unwell, while financial concerns are secondary. The mere presence of VFM audits, which despite having many non-financial aspects are ultimately financial in nature, can l ead to a focus on achieving cost efficiency as an end in itself, above any social goals. This is what Power refers to as a ‘colonising’ effect of auditing; the presence of the audit leads to the auditee focusing on the audited measure, in this case value for money.This was the case in the recent Mid Staffordshire Trust scandal; in order to achieve Foundation Trust status, the management at this hospital cut costs by removing beds, failing to invest in medical equipment and staff, and neglecting their medical duties in order to meet targets (for example, one measure on which they were judged were patient waiting times in A&E; this led to dysfunctional behaviour, as there were cases when minor injuries were treated above major illnesses in order to meet the four hour waiting time).These cuts, along with other failures, resulted in hundreds of unnecessary deaths. And yet, the hospital hit its target saving of ? 10 million; financially, it was a success, but medically a mas sive failure. While it was not directly the fault of a VFM audit, this case shows how the use of financial/economic measures for evaluating the efficiency of an organisation can lead to unintended dysfunctional outcomes.As part of the ‘New Public Management’ idea of introducing market concepts into public organisations, it could be argued that VFM audits, by explicitly mentioning ‘money’, could contribute to such failings by being rooted in the financial; a better term for VFM audits could be â€Å"performance audits†, as less emphasis is placed on financial terminology, perhaps giving the NAO scope for a more rounded audit. With this in mind, it can be argued that one of the VFM audit’s strengths is that it does take into account the effectiveness of the auditee in reaching their social objectives (as shown by the three E’s).The inherent difficulty for any public body is to balance effectiveness with efficiency and economy; the NAO mus t therefore take this into account when carrying out VFM audits, in order for the audits themselves to be of value. Auditing the effectiveness of a public organisation is a difficult task in itself, however. What does effectiveness entail, and how does one measure it? You could argue that the effectiveness of the police force could be measured by looking at the ratio of number of crimes reported to the number of crimes solved.This seems to be in line with the police force’s social goals, so in theory seems an appropriate proxy for effectiveness. Yet it is also easy to see how this metric could be manipulated; where it is unlikely that a crime will be solved, the reporting of the crime may be ignored. The measure will give a false image of the efficacy of the police force in question, when in reality they have been far from effective. This is what Power refers to as ‘de-coupling’, where the auditee is compliant with the recording of the measure, but does not behav e in a manner consistent with the intended goal of the measure.The problem here comes with making things auditable. When measuring non-financial items such as effectiveness, one must use imperfect proxies (as you cannot simply take a yard stick and measure ‘effectiveness’). If we are unable to find suitable proxies, we are not fully able to audit the effectiveness of an organisation. This then compromises the usefulness, and hence value, of a VFM audit. The above problems display the inherent problems of VFM audits; by being rooted in the financial, they can lead to public organisations de-prioritising their social obligations and objectives in order to enhance efficiency and economy.By auditing what is arguably inauditable, VFM audits can create surface compliance, where the letter but not the spirit of what is being measured is followed. Both of these are risks that need to be considered by the NAO, as they both seek to undermine the value of VFM audits. But ultimatel y, VFM audits prove their worth when they result in efficiency improvements in public organisations. This can be assessed tangibly, shown by the savings of ? 1. 1 billion from a net outlay of ? 67. 8 million. We can also clearly see the implementation of efficiency improvements in public sector bodies.It can also be argued that even the presence of VFM audits help to promote the three E’s in public sector companies (they know that they could be assessed in such a way, and will not want to appear to be excessively inefficient), although it is much more difficult to assess whether NAO audits provide value for money in this context as it is hard to know to what extent the audit presence made a difference. But overall, I believe that the evidence above shows that for the majority of situations VFM audits do indeed provide value for money.

I Am At A Critical Juncture - 959 Words

I am at a critical juncture in my professional life. I have spent twenty years in management and leadership roles, fifteen of these in project management. I’ve held every role within project management, and could choose to dive very deep and stay in this field, or pivot. This scenario is also true for my industry; I’ve been in education technology for eighteen years. As I reflect on what is important to me, and how to make the most influence, I find that I have some really great skills, and some ingrained behaviors that challenge me. This paper allowed me to reflect on the four questions posed in the critical thinking assignment. Question One The first question is how do you use critical thinking in decision making and problem solving in your professional life? My first experience of not using critical thinking was when I was getting my BA in Political Science. I was selected to go to a conference for my school on Asian – American foreign relations. 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