Booker T Washington

Booker T. Washington and the Struggle Against White Supremacy One of the most powerful black leaders to have ever live, this is what some people argued of Booker T. Washington. With a black mother and white father he never knew, Washington was born into slavery near Hale’s Ford in Franklin County, Virginia. He worked growing up, and then attended Hampton Institute, a school designed to educate African and Native Americans. I don’t think he knew, that anybody knew, how much he would change the world over his lifetime. There were many racists view’s back then.Booker T. Washington learned how to work around whites to get what he wanted, and took many tours around the United States to teach other blacks. Racism has been around for years, and remains around today. The difference is that it was much more cruel back then. There were many racist views expressed by whites toward blacks in the 19th century. After Reconstruction, whites began to really express these views. They had seen that blacks had been involved in many black political activities and it pissed them off. They also were mad since they had lost the Civil War.They claimed that: â€Å"Blacks had had their fair chance, had demonstrated their present incapacity for self-government, and could justifiably be relegated, for time being at least, to an inferior status. † Black people where humiliated, beaten, and thrown in jail, and even killed. Whites also controlled blacks’ futures economically. They established black codes to ensure that blacks had stable labor force, which designated â€Å"servants† as employees and â€Å"masters† as employers. This prevented blacks from vagrancy or loitering, making them work even if they did not want to. Booker T.Washington was a very smart man, well at least I think he is. He knew how to get what he wanted, the psychology of â€Å"Black Survivalism†. He uses many survivalist tactics he used on white people to gain imp roved living conditions for blacks. Many people feel that he was a sellout, he was, but it gained from it. Washington believed that black people’s problems would be solved if they worked like whites needed. If they would abide by the law and cooperate, the industrial education would provide them with an economic niche. Eventually, he believed this would lead to economic independence.Of course, white people thought that Washington was trying to promote segregation and black inferiority. He was not trying to promote segregation, but he was going for black inferiority. Black people needed to do this. Washington was basically saying that if black people continued to work in their field, and other fields, they had the upper hand. They would learn all the techniques, and know everything about that field. Whites did not work, so they knew nothing. Without the blacks, they could not make any money. Booker T. Washington took many tours.The tour that I was most interested in was his to ur of Florida. This caught my attention I live here in Florida. This is apart of its history. Washington started his tour of Florida on March 1, 1912. It lasted from March 1st til March 7th. His tour was sponsored by The Florida State Negro Business League. FSNBL was made up of businessmen and women who believed that they could form a â€Å"good strong organization† that would â€Å"benefit and up build the colored race†. They accomplished exactly what they wanted. Booker T. Washington’s first stop on the was Pensacola.Pensacola was the home of Matthew Lewey, the publisher of the first black newspaper in Florida, the Florida Sentinel. This was not only Lewey’s home though, it was mine also. I lived in Pensacola most of my life before moving to Tallahassee. A Negro business community, is what Washington had called Pensacola in 1907. To him it represented â€Å" that healthy progressive communal spirit, so necessary to our people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By 1910, the city had declined from their â€Å"black progress and success†. Yet, here he was making his first stop here five years later. March 1, 1912 he spoke at the Opera House in Pensacola.His speech was heard by over two thousand people. There were eight hundred whites in attendance, the rest were black. In his speech he gave encouragement and moral advice. Saying: â€Å"We not only have the advantage in a state like Florida of securing land, but the further advantages of finding plenty of work,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"There are few if any members of our race who have spent any considerable length of time in seeking labor, labor seeks them. Our condition is different from laboring people in many parts of the old world where they have to spend days and sometimes months in seeking labor and then are not able to find it. Washington left Pensacola for Tallahassee. He made a quick stop in Quincy to visit the Dunbar Graded School. When he arrived in Tallahassee he was greeted with a parade . This parade was led by the FAMC band. FAMC is now Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. The band is now known as the Marching 100. Reading about my school in this book made me even more proud to be a rattler. The parade also consisted of black artisans, professional men, and farmers. Washington gave his speech on â€Å"Some of the Essential Things In Race Development†.Afterwards he was invited to FAMC for a formal reception. Washington then gave another encouraging speech. He complemented FAMC, saying: â€Å"the State of Florida†¦has provided for the Negros in this state the best plant with the best equipment of any state in the Union. † â€Å"I am glad to add that it is the best kept up plant, the cleanest, and the most systematically arranged of any that I have ever seen. † Booker T. Washington visited Lake City, Ocala, Tampa, Lakeland, Eatonville, Palatka, Daytona Beach, and finished his tour in Jacksonville on March 7, 1912. Booker T Washington Booker T. Washington and the Struggle Against White Supremacy One of the most powerful black leaders to have ever live, this is what some people argued of Booker T. Washington. With a black mother and white father he never knew, Washington was born into slavery near Hale’s Ford in Franklin County, Virginia. He worked growing up, and then attended Hampton Institute, a school designed to educate African and Native Americans. I don’t think he knew, that anybody knew, how much he would change the world over his lifetime. There were many racists view’s back then.Booker T. Washington learned how to work around whites to get what he wanted, and took many tours around the United States to teach other blacks. Racism has been around for years, and remains around today. The difference is that it was much more cruel back then. There were many racist views expressed by whites toward blacks in the 19th century. After Reconstruction, whites began to really express these views. They had seen that blacks had been involved in many black political activities and it pissed them off. They also were mad since they had lost the Civil War.They claimed that: â€Å"Blacks had had their fair chance, had demonstrated their present incapacity for self-government, and could justifiably be relegated, for time being at least, to an inferior status. † Black people where humiliated, beaten, and thrown in jail, and even killed. Whites also controlled blacks’ futures economically. They established black codes to ensure that blacks had stable labor force, which designated â€Å"servants† as employees and â€Å"masters† as employers. This prevented blacks from vagrancy or loitering, making them work even if they did not want to. Booker T.Washington was a very smart man, well at least I think he is. He knew how to get what he wanted, the psychology of â€Å"Black Survivalism†. He uses many survivalist tactics he used on white people to gain imp roved living conditions for blacks. Many people feel that he was a sellout, he was, but it gained from it. Washington believed that black people’s problems would be solved if they worked like whites needed. If they would abide by the law and cooperate, the industrial education would provide them with an economic niche. Eventually, he believed this would lead to economic independence.Of course, white people thought that Washington was trying to promote segregation and black inferiority. He was not trying to promote segregation, but he was going for black inferiority. Black people needed to do this. Washington was basically saying that if black people continued to work in their field, and other fields, they had the upper hand. They would learn all the techniques, and know everything about that field. Whites did not work, so they knew nothing. Without the blacks, they could not make any money. Booker T. Washington took many tours.The tour that I was most interested in was his to ur of Florida. This caught my attention I live here in Florida. This is apart of its history. Washington started his tour of Florida on March 1, 1912. It lasted from March 1st til March 7th. His tour was sponsored by The Florida State Negro Business League. FSNBL was made up of businessmen and women who believed that they could form a â€Å"good strong organization† that would â€Å"benefit and up build the colored race†. They accomplished exactly what they wanted. Booker T. Washington’s first stop on the was Pensacola.Pensacola was the home of Matthew Lewey, the publisher of the first black newspaper in Florida, the Florida Sentinel. This was not only Lewey’s home though, it was mine also. I lived in Pensacola most of my life before moving to Tallahassee. A Negro business community, is what Washington had called Pensacola in 1907. To him it represented â€Å" that healthy progressive communal spirit, so necessary to our people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By 1910, the city had declined from their â€Å"black progress and success†. Yet, here he was making his first stop here five years later. March 1, 1912 he spoke at the Opera House in Pensacola.His speech was heard by over two thousand people. There were eight hundred whites in attendance, the rest were black. In his speech he gave encouragement and moral advice. Saying: â€Å"We not only have the advantage in a state like Florida of securing land, but the further advantages of finding plenty of work,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"There are few if any members of our race who have spent any considerable length of time in seeking labor, labor seeks them. Our condition is different from laboring people in many parts of the old world where they have to spend days and sometimes months in seeking labor and then are not able to find it. Washington left Pensacola for Tallahassee. He made a quick stop in Quincy to visit the Dunbar Graded School. When he arrived in Tallahassee he was greeted with a parade . This parade was led by the FAMC band. FAMC is now Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. The band is now known as the Marching 100. Reading about my school in this book made me even more proud to be a rattler. The parade also consisted of black artisans, professional men, and farmers. Washington gave his speech on â€Å"Some of the Essential Things In Race Development†.Afterwards he was invited to FAMC for a formal reception. Washington then gave another encouraging speech. He complemented FAMC, saying: â€Å"the State of Florida†¦has provided for the Negros in this state the best plant with the best equipment of any state in the Union. † â€Å"I am glad to add that it is the best kept up plant, the cleanest, and the most systematically arranged of any that I have ever seen. † Booker T. Washington visited Lake City, Ocala, Tampa, Lakeland, Eatonville, Palatka, Daytona Beach, and finished his tour in Jacksonville on March 7, 1912.

Bartleby I Would Prefer Not Too

Herman Melville's â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† scrutinizes the impersonal, harsh, and isolating labor conditions in America soon after the industrial revolution. Bartleby is presented as a foil to his repressed and ignorant coworkers: Turkey, Nippers, and Gingernut who participate, however dysfunctionally , in the brutal system. In contrast, Bartleby distinguishes himself to the narrator and the reader as â€Å"the strangest [scrivener] I ever saw or heard of†( ) by rejecting the mundane work of copying legal documents and proof reading them.He embodies passive resistance through the repetition of the response â€Å"l would prefer not to† when faced with a command from his employer. Through the use of key words such as â€Å"would† and â€Å"prefer†, Melville gives Bartleby the appearance of submitting to his employer's, the lawyer's, judgment and authority. This display of subordinance, however, is only an illusion. Bartleby rejects the capitalis t hierarchy on which Wall Street is built and thus also rejects the lawyer's authority. What exactly does Bartleby â€Å"prefer not to do†?He prefers not to comply with the dehumanizing reality of the American capitalist economy. As scriveners, Bartleby and his coworkers live an automaton-like existence, robotically reproducing documents written by others. Unlike Bartleby, however, his coworkers have been indoctrinated into conforming through the never-fully- satisfying reward of wages. As stated by Karl Marx, a German economic revolutionary, â€Å"Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives he more, the more labor it sucks. (Marx) By â€Å"preferring not to† , Bartleby protests against alienating, mundane labor. The life- sucking effect of capitalism is also demonstrated by Bartlebys previous occupation as â€Å"a subordinate clerk in the Dead Letter Office† ( ). This Job consisted ofa â€Å"pallid hopelessnessâ⠂¬ ( ) of â€Å"continually handling these dead letters and assorting them for the flames†( ). Both of Bartleby's jobs provide no outlet for communication, individuality, creativity or growth.The apitalistic economy has stripped him of his humanity, and he would â€Å"prefer not† to continue taking part in it. By using the phrase, â€Å"l would prefer not to†, Bartlebys also causes the lawyer â€Å"to stagger in his own plainest faith† (1 1 and to doubt the rules upon which his own society is built.

Indigenous Music of Australia Essay

Australia is a society of many cultures from all over the world. The music of Australia’s indigenous people represents a wide variety of music styles created by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. The music styles range from contemporary to styles that are fused with European sounds. The music of these people has become an important part of the society and culture of the people even though the ceremonies may have changed. â€Å"The traditional forms include many aspects of performance and musical instrumentation which are unique to particular regions or Indigenous Australian groups; there are equally elements of musical tradition which are common or widespread through much of the Australian continent, and even beyond. † (â€Å"Indigenous Australian Music. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 13 May 2007. 17 May 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music) The Indigenous populations of Australia have learned from other travelers that have visited Australia for trade or other reasons. The colonization of Australia brought many changes to the way Aboriginal society functioned. It changed the land and how the people went about their daily lives. Before 1788 the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders inhabited Australia. In 1788 the Aboriginal people lived on mainland Australia and the Torres Strait Islanders lived on the islands between Australia and Papua New Guinea, in what is now called the Torres Strait (Dreamtime. net. au. Australian Museum. 17 May 2007. http://www. dreamtime. net. au/indigenous/index. cfm). Many of the Europeans that came to Australia misunderstood the Aboriginal culture and created policies that did not benefit the people. They worked against the people by creating policies that benefited the farmers who moved across the continent using up natural resources and exploiting the Aboriginal people for labor. The European colonists did not understand the way the native people used the land for food and spiritual balance, thus causing many problems. The Indigenous cultures of Australia are one of the oldest in the entire world. â€Å"We’ve been here a long, long time† ( Koori Mail. October 1996). Their ability to adapt over time has allowed them to last. The Aborigines talked of â€Å"Dreamtime† or â€Å"the Dreaming†, which was their version of a creation story. The Rainbow Serpent created the Australian world. As she moved back and forth along the land she created great rivers and from her body the tribes, birds, and animals of Australia emerged. The Aborigines took great pride in the land because they believe that they emerged from it. They believed the Great Ancestral spirits put the plants, animals, and people in their places according to the land forms and spirits surrounding them (FrogandToad’s Indigenous Australia. The Travel Around Company. 19 May 2007 http://indigenousaustralia. frogandtoad. com. au/cultural. html). By the time Europeans arrived to colonize Australia there were more than 700 Aboriginal tribes. Each tribe had their own unique traditions, language, and customs. Traditional music of Australians indigenous people gives great meaning to their lives. There were three distinct types of Aboriginal music. The first was used for sacred ceremonies. The second type of music is semi-scared and is sung by men, with the women dancing. This music was used for initiation. The third type of music was not sacred and was used for entertainment. This is the only kind of music that can be performed by any person at any time. Music was used throughout the Aboriginals lives to teach what must be known about their culture, about their place in it, and about its place in the world of nature and super nature. Aboriginals encouraged their children at a very young age to dance and sing about everyday tasks. (Telford, Hans W. â€Å"Australian Aboriginal Music. † Santa Clara University. 20 May, 2007. http://www. scu. edu. au/schools/sass/music/musicarchive/AusGeneral. html). When the girl or boy reaches puberty he or she learns about totemic plants and animals of the clan and the mythology of their group, also known as karma songs. Karma is the Aboriginal type of oral literature that tells a historical story of the people ( Indigenous Australian Music). These songs have specific melodic formulas that distinguish them from other tribe’s songs.. Because the stories come from oral tradition the music is learned my imitating elders and is passed without writing everything down. Before a man marries he learns more lively and fun songs that are entertainment for the tribe. When he marries and becomes a responsible tribe member he is to depend on the karma songs to keep him strong. The man matures by the knowledge he acquires through song and when he is older his on her is based partly on his mastery of the secret sacred songs of the tribe (Telford, Hans W. ). Some clans in Aboriginal Culture may share songs known as emeba, fjatpangarri, and manikay. These songs are directly tied to the story telling of Dreamtime, when the features of the land were created and named. When they sing the songs in the correct order the tribe could navigate vast distances. They relate the person who keeps the song with the land itself (Indigenous Australian Music). A traditional for of music is Bunggul. This style of music is known for its intense lyrics, and is usually stories about epic journeys. These stories continue or repeat after the music stops (Indigenous Australian Music). A death wail is also a very traditional music style in Aboriginal culture. It is a mourning lament performed in ritual fashion after the death of a family or tribe member. Roy Baker, a descendent of the Murawari tribe describes the death wail, â€Å"You hear the crying and the death wail at night,† he recalled, â€Å"it’s a real eerie, frightening sound to hear. Sad sound†¦ to hear them all crying. And then after the funeral, everything would go back to normal. And they’d smoke the houses out, you know, the old Aboriginal way. † Aboriginal Australians used the resources around them to make their instruments. Most of their instruments fall into the idiophone class. An idiophone instrument is made from resonating material that does not have to be tuned (Encarta World English Dictionary). Their instruments consisted of two separate parts, which are stuck together to make a percussive sound. There are no string instruments in their culture, but they did use a skinned drum type instrument and wind instrument. Idiophones were the most common types of instrument and the most basic. The first example is sticks. Each singer would hold a pair of wooden sticks and clap them together. They could also be shaken to make a rattling sound. Boomerang clapsticks also were used in the same way. Aboriginal Boomerang Clapsticks[pic] If there were no sticks, hand clapping or slapping various parts of the body were substitutes for a pair of sticks or clapsticks. A rattle usually accompanied songs. These rattles were made by holding bunches of seed ponds in ones hand. [pic] Seed rattle. The most well known of all the Aboriginal instruments is the didjeridu. The didjeridu is usually formed when termites hollow out a tree branch. The branches are usually cut to about 5 feet and are smoothed to make a suitable mouthpiece. When blown the didjeridu is a rich and complex sound. The function of the didjeridu is to provide a constant drone on a deep not, somewhere around D flat. The note is broken up in rhythmic patterns and accents by the use of the player’s tongue and cheeks. Constant air pressure s maintained by simultaneously blowing out through the mouth and breathing in through the nose, known as circle breathing. Great stamina is needed to play the didjeridu. [pic] [pic] Most contemporary styles of indigenous Australian music come from the fusion with European traditions. It also represents from the fusion with mainstream styles of music such as rock and country. Artists like The Deadlys give us an example of this using rock, country, and pop. Common traditional musical instruments such and the didjeridu and clapsticks are used to give a different feel to the music (Indigenous Australian Music). Overall, most ancestors stay true to their past roots of music. The remaining indigenous Aboriginal tribes still practice their culture and pass it down from generation to generation. The traditions have all remained the same even though European colonization changed the tribes forever. Even though there aren’t as many tribes remaining, the people of Australia keep their music alive in traditional and contemporary ways. Works Cited â€Å"Indigenous Australian Music. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 13 May 2007. 17 May 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music (Dreamtime. net. au. Australian Museum. 17 May 2007. http://www. dreamtime. net. au/indigenous/index. cfm Telford, Hans W. â€Å"Australian Aboriginal Music. † Santa Clara University. 20 May 2007. http://www. scu. edu. au/schools/sass/music/musicarchive/AusGeneral. html.

3 works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3 works of art - Essay Example The gown looks like the nuns’ uniform and she is lazily enveloped into the reverie or dream about the angel. This is an epitome of the spiritualism that an image can depict. Moreover, the environment that hooks up the angel and St.Teresa looks dreamy, implying the supernatural feeling that the paint is showing. Lastly, there is intense light that illuminates the shiny structure that St.Teresa is lying on and the gowns that both are wearing. This is a symbol of divine power in a scared place. In this paint, Caravaggio is showing a pretty realistic image of St.peter being crucified. He is keen on the posture of the people and the wood used to make the crucifix. It is a paint that shows the crucifixion of St.Peter as he asked people to do. He is crucified upside down as a symbol of not imitating his Lord Jesus Christ. The painting is so real that it shows the cloth that is wrapped around him to conceal his loins, the people lifting the cross and the obscurity of their faces in the shadows. The picture arouses feelings of sadness by looking at the way St.Peter has left his mouth open with his long beard and dully eyes, showing so much pain. The people lifting the crucifix are also showing fatigue since it is clear that they are straining to lift the crucifix to its intended right position (Brett & Kate, para8). This paint is a fascinating image that describes the evolution of the Catholic Church by Peter Paul Rubens. He is so artistic in the painting of women and men in their full physical features lying on each other in various postures. There is also the presence of leopards in shady color trying to roar at the infants on the ground. This is a description of the spread of Catholic Churches across the world and the numerous challenges it has faced. Behind the leopards, the adults and the infants is a dark blue sky that is not fully clear. It shows the beautiful sky, symbolizing the hope and feasibility of the

Flash Game using existing code Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Flash Game using existing code - Coursework Example Game developers diligently seek the smallest adjustments and optimizations that will make games perform faster and create more dynamic and immersive worlds. Game flash is a platform language that allows users to write a program on Linux platforms, windows, and Macintosh among other programs. Even for a developer who has experience, few key tools can be helpful since they can implement existing codes with simple text editor such as; (Notepad or Text editor) and any other HTML5-capable web browser; if one intends to do any serious work, it would be necessary to have syntax highlighting, a web inspector, JavaScript debugger and JavaScript console. Game design is one of the most important aspects of game development since nobody wants to play a boring game. The developer needs to focus more on good user experience and fun game play. MACGILLIVRAY, C., & HEAD, A. (2005). 3D for the Web interactive 3D animation using 3DS Max, Flash and Director. Amsterdam, Elsevier Focal. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=123417. MILLINGTON, I. (2010). Game physics engine development how to build a robust commercial-grade physics engine for your game. Amsterdam, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Managerial communication is the element of an organization or business that helps the managers of those organizations to communicate with each other, that is if there is more than one manager, as well as with the other employees within the organization.â€Å"Managers must be efficient and effective communicators in a fast-paced highly competitive environment.† (Hynes, Geraldine E, P18).If information is not shared, then it is of no use to the organization and will bring no benefit. In order to share this information, there has to be proper communication techniques that will help the individual members of an organization stay up to date with the latest on goings, events and developments. Good communication helps ease the transfer of valuable information between members of one party to members of another, otherwise known as the sender and the receiver. Managers of an organization that are working towards a common goal, are required to smooth out the flow of information by using effective managerial techniques. Managerial communication is divided into two sub categories, namely; interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Interpersonal communication is the communication or the transfer of information that takes place between two or more individuals at a workplace, whereas organizational communication is one that occurs at all levels of an organization. ... Understanding of a manager’s message is based on the receiver’s perception and message interpretation† (Larry R Smeltzer, Donald J. Leonard, 1994, p27). Many of these issues are related to decision making that turn out to be controversial and not too favorable for some of the subordinates. A controversial decision will incur anxiety and resistance, especially decisions that speak about any sort of change or alteration to the structure of the organization. Changing an organization’s goals for example, will definitely create uncertainty in groups, leading eventually to anxiety and protest. Although lying or half truths are sometimes spread for the benefit of the organization, the process of doing so can destroy the trust that an employee has built with the employer. Due to this, the employee will begin to question the employer’s sincerity and most probably seek a new job where the employer is someone he/she can trust. The employee might even tend to sp read the notion of the employer being insincere and this could be disastrous for the organization, potentially losing valuable employees. Another issue that arises in the management of an organization is caused when the realities of power are not recognized. If a manager is found to be really high in the organization’s hierarchal structure, it is possible for problems that occur in the organization, to reach that manager a little too late and also softened in nature so as to cause minimal blow. Every employee who passes on the problem ensures to reduce the degree of that problem. If the manager is unable to properly recognize the integrity of the situation, the problem might not be dealt with in the right way and may lead to undesirable consequences. In the same way, messages and information

New World Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New World Order - Essay Example The continuous struggle for the natural resources, and going about to different places in the name of intervention for democracy and establishing the people’s elected government all amass to the real motives and agendas that are set forth in the New World Order. Apart from the ongoing elements and incidents, there are areas that have been subjected to political motives and interests which speak of the entire conspiracy against the free mankind.The usage of satellites networks and the functions fulfilled by the surveillance systems in the form of the Drone and other notable actions leave the ordinary citizens void of their basic rights and privacy that is promised to them under the charter of human rights. The presence and establishment of governments that are pro imperialistic superpowers is another motive and move that is in place.The subsequent output of these actions come in the form of the starvation, hunger, inequality, lack of true democracy, religious values distortion, religion being used as a subject of extremism and exploitation. The natural resources have become a trouble for a number of states on account of the interests that are shown by the imperialistic superpowers.If the trends keep going this way, the world may well see further deterioration and direct damages being suffered by the different people in the different parts of the world.Under the New World Order, the media has been used as a tool for the propagation of agendas and conspiracy has been done so through this process.

Undue Influnce in law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Undue Influnce in law of Contract - Essay Example e banks agents for the purpose of advising Mrs Etridge and the bank was entitled to rely on the solicitors assurances, even though those were false† (United Settlement n.d.). Under English law, undue influence is a reason for rescinding a contract if it can be proved by the victim. There are many relationships where one party can hold influence over another due to its inherent nature. An employer can have influence over an employee or a husband can have influence over his wife. But it need be undue influence or through duress for a contract to be set aside. According to Lord Nicholls, one of the judges in this case, â€Å"The law has set limits to the means properly employable for this purpose. To this end the common law developed a principle of duress† (United Kingdom House of Lords 2001). Under English law there is no precise definition as to what constitutes undue influence and will depend upon the circumstances of each case. But what should be proved is that a relati onship with influence has been to abused or exploited to claim undue influence (e-lawresources.co.uk n.d.).In this particular case, since there was no evidence of undue influence by Mrs Etrdige’s husband, the fact that she had sought independent advice is not relevant. So it can be said that unless undue influence existed and the same is proved by the wronged party, there is no recourse and a contract is valid. In any relationship, either of the parties can be in a position to receive information that should not be made public. It can be between a lawyer and client, between a doctor and patient, or a banker and customer (O’Neill 2007). So if a relationship has this feature, then it is a confidential relationship. Here again there is no formal definition, and the fact whether a relationship is confidential will depend on the facts of each case. In that sense, the relation between husband and wife can be deemed to be confidential in nature since they may share information which should not be

The Working Culture of Big Organizations Case Study

The Working Culture of Big Organizations - Case Study Example When MIGROS thinks of expanding abroad, I would strongly suggest India, not because it is my country, but because of the very favorable economic situation prevailing in this country, notwithstanding the depression that has engulfed most of the global markets. The mention of the name MIGROS kindles many expectations about this organization for its quality products and its philanthropic attitude towards business. MIGROS wish to serve the community. The 15th Parliament Elections have brought about the stunning victory for the Indian National Congress Party that has been pursuing the policy of liberalization in the economic front, under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister. He is an economist of international repute and former Governor of Reserve Bank of India. During the last five years, this country has attained rapid economic growth. He can feel the pulse of the Indian economy in the global context. Corporate performance has been stunning under his leadership. During his speech in Parliament, while presenting the Budget 1994-95, as the Union Finance Minister, he quoted Victor Hugo: "No power on Earth can stop an idea whose time has come." True to his vision, the productivity in the Indian industry grew like never before†¦now, we have a very different economy as compared what it was 10 years ago. Far from close to defaulting on its international debts, the economy is sizzling and has posted 10.4 percent GDP growth last quarter. More economic reforms, liberalization, and corporate-friendly policies are on the cards. So, I feel this is the right time for an international retail giant like MIGROS to make the entry in the Indian Market in a big way. The city of Faridabad is known all over India. The management of top commercial establishments of any country must know Faridabad. It became the 12th District of Haryana State, an important State of India, from the point of view of both industry and

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Ethics - Essay Example This is true because human beings tend to learn from observation during childhood; from situations during adolescence; and from experiences during adulthood and later part of their lives. All these aspects contribute significantly towards building one’s character, which shapes one’s virtues and moralities. It may be argued that virtues of a person cannot be stable throughout his/her life. The way situations, observation and experience lead to acquisition of certain virtues; sometimes, virtues so acquired can change and make the person selfish, greedy, and insecure. This perspective is derived from Hutcheson’s non-rationalist view or ideology that envisages virtue as the ultimate end for people seen to be virtuous; however, this virtue or ultimate end itself is something that virtuous individual seeks for his/her own sake (Gill, 158). In other words, the virtuous deed may be seen as a means to satisfy the virtuous person’s desire to pursue his/her own ultimate end such as self satisfaction, others goodwill, appreciation etc. Such human nature is also a result of one’s experiences with life, the need for attention, love, affection etc. It is very difficult to confirm that virtuous people will not have any vices; however, the intentions of virtuous people emerge during specific situations. Virtuous people think and act in a manner that ultimately results in good. Virtues can be inculcated in people’s character during early childhood and adolescence. This can be achieved by building character that assimilates goodness, kindness, honesty, and integrity. A few practices to build virtues and character include rewarding and appreciating children for good work, good behavior, honesty and truth, and leading by example. These teachings should ideally begin at home, by parents, siblings, other family members and friends. Similar virtues taught at school will reinforce their character and show a direction towards right living. As children grow,

ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE MY TRIP TO ITALY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE MY TRIP TO ITALY - Essay Example These two actors were egotistical, self-absorbed and rude; this is what makes it the more hilarious. This time round, they have been assigned to a second round of restaurants in Italy. Just like several other sequels, the entry of this lacks the surprise element, however that was expected. The thinness of the material is the weakest part in this movie. By trying to intensify the dialogue as well as the characters it outstays its welcome. The narrative is not adequate to stop the movie from losing steam and earlier than expected. Nobody could argue with overstaying in Italy though. Italy’s beauty, comprising Tuscany, Liguria, Rome, Caprio and Amalfi are spectacularly captured by James Clarke’s camera. There is effective utilization of wide angles and overhead shots in image capture such as the cities in the back of the frame as well as boats on the water as the camera moves away in a continuous tracking shot. This is one unbelievably looking movie; however one ought to ask what Winterbottom’s motivation was in coming up with another entry; being one of the most diverse moviemakers globally and usually does not make the same movie a second time. There is recycling of some of the thematic material from other movies such as the Look of Love, which also featured Steve Coogan as a negligent father. Both of the actors are extremely eloquent with their invention. There is more discussion regarding death and age as well as frequent reference to poets such as Lord Byron and pop staples such as Roman holiday. The ironic and thematic goal is that the actors are busy discussing death; not realizing how much time they are wasting. However, the movie’s comedic mistake is in trying to soften Coogan’s character .He was needy, unfaithful and jealous in the first movie but in the sequel he is growing older and intends to spend more time with his son; adding a bit of sentimentality. On the other hand, Steve is more

Existentialism and the Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and the Meaning of Life Essay This paper will discuss the existentialist position and how different societal factors contribute to the creation of different meaning in a person’s life. It will study how value systems are formed and will borrow heavily from Jean Paul Sarte’s concept of â€Å"existence precedes essence.† It is important to note that the author will present the arguments and correlate it with the two films that were used in writing this paper. First, I will explain the meaning of life and how it is created. Next, there will be a brief discussion on how state apparatuses like religion and the government keeps aims to keep the meaning of people’s lives in certain restrictive areas. Then I will outline the different arguments of existentialist philosophers particularly that of Sarte and Albert Camus. â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself† (Miller Jensen, 2006). People are all born out of the wonders of biological functions but as people leave the protective womb of their mothers, they will be exposed to different stimulants in the environments. And this will prompt them to learn things different from how other people learn it. Therefore, a man is a sponge who absorbs information in very unique ways. And the things that were absorbed create a man who has an equally unique reason for the meaning of his existence. The very question of life is what paved the way for the existential branch of philosophical studies. It is by way of nature that beings search for the meaning of life. But humans as we are, there will be different interpretations of the meaning of life. Each person is blessed with the unique ability to identify different reasons for his existence. And there are also different perspectives used to uncover the meaning of life. Thus, for this paper we will use Jean Paul Sarte’s theory of â€Å"essence precedes existence†. Backgrounder The ultimate goal in finding the meaning of one’s life is to â€Å"make a rational sense out of life† (Stewart Blocker, 1987). Self actualization is one of the things specified in the hierarchy of needs. And in order to know the personality of one’s self, it is fundamental to make sense of life in itself. Unlike the perspective of the absurdists—people who focus on the â€Å"meaninglessness of life and the vacuity of human existence† (Stewart Blocker, 1987)—existentialists seek meaning in the rather meaningless world in order to affirm the significance of their existence.

The Sustainability Strategy Challenges Facing Organizations Business Essay

The Sustainability Strategy Challenges Facing Organizations Business Essay Arguably, sustainability is said to be the greatest challenge to the present and future management practices. Dimensions of economic, social and environmental raise the question of meeting present needs without compromise to future generations ability in meeting their needs. For this reason, global environment presently challenge tackling require Non Governmental Organizations, corporate, private, individual, public, non-profit organizations and government sector commitment. Such sectors need to address issues such as environmental efficiency, seizing advantages of developments of renewable energy, satisfying green consumers and business sustainability among others. Every sector need to prioritize in network of global sustainability across multiple practices (Galea, 2004). Similarly, working with industrial associations and policy landscape intense understanding would be significant. Comprehensive models assist consumers establish strategies and appropriate practices which enable com petitive advantages, thereby making business sustainability vital. In addition, the models assist modern managers to device strategies and policies for the environment to facilitate major changes. However, in a bid to achieve sustainability, business communities encounter major challenges. For example, according to findings there are challenges that may be observed on business world, and therefore academic experts or modern managers should find common grounds for competitive reasons (Blcakburn, 2007). Organizations seem to be realizing that issues of sustainability are complex. Therefore, varied perspectives are required in production of innovative solutions. To begin with, one of the major challenges of sustainability is in assigning and measuring value of ecological impacts of a firm. This nvolves eceological footprint where the question is raised on whether carbon footprint is final. Despite firms restless efforts, industrial operations have been observed to have a continued discharge and generation of enormous wastes. Pollution of the natural environment has therefore been inevitable. Such pollution has caused damages to households or other enterprises. For example, in an attempt to ensure sustainability in healthcare organizations the UK government is responsibly operating the states healthcare system. Such operations enable the population to enjoy the benefits related to publically financed Healthcare. U.S government on the other hand provides majority of the privately funded programs. In provision of healthcare for everyone, different countries are now investing in sustainable healthcare because of the current impacts related to change in climate within our environment. Conventional drug use such as herbal drugs would facilitate clean and safe environment. With such, disposals of chemicals related to unavoidable wastages of drug substances via approaches such as burning could be lowered. Consequently, systems of accounting do not ascribe such costs with their sources and neither is the record kept systematically. With an up-ward trend, companies and organizations are being compelled to internalize such environmental costs via stricter environmental regulations and procedures or via damages liability suffered by others. Accurate companys measurement of the true environmental related costs has been offering a huge range of benefits. Correct measurement helps the management to track performance relative to past performance. Similarly, such measurements can offer external investors benchmark who are concerned with performance of the environment by firms plus their finances. In addition, the measurements can evaluate the firms exposure to the environment and financial risk originating from environmental performance. However, despite such measurement benefits, tools to adequately measure the cost are not available (Galea, 2004). For example, Trucost Ltd, a London research firm has created databases fro estimating the externality costs for global largest corporations. Firms emissions or wastes are measured with the use of individual information sources and each emission is given a monetary value through multiplication of its physical quantities by a speculated price. Nevertheless, results from such measurements are usually estimates hence actual measurements are never acquired. Secondly, firms have been facing the challenge of building a sustainability corporate culture which is enduring. Questions are raised in this challenge on what next for the company after key sustainability leaders quit the company. Challenge is on where the firm should begin with such an occurrence. Normally, sustainability initiatives are always associated or linked to few key individuals within a firm, particularly those on leadership potions. When these individuals leave the company, the initiative of sustainability may begin to atrophy. Nevertheless, those firms whose culture of sustainability is strong, the initiatives of sustainability endure for long. Companies experience a challenge in maintaining such a culture and there is need therefore for the firm to consider several aspects. Firms or companys structure need to learn something from safety movement which will act partly as the core culture of majority of manufacturing and extractive firms. Companies must also evaluate the differences between its sustainability and that of other organizational cultures. Similarly, its necessary to establish which practical tools and devices can be applied to embed culture like incentive systems or organizational designs. Thirdly, firms are being challenged to promote and ensure supply chains sustainability. Argument here may involve whether suppliers from less developed countries should be treated differently from those in developed nations. For example, acting as intermediaries between tourism service providers and tourists, tour operators incorporate varieties of services which are tourism related. Such corporations forms full holiday packages which are then marketed to clients via travel agents or directly. Generally, every package consists of accommodation and food provision, transport or even events and activities such as social activities or excursions. Since most of the products or services within the package are provided via supply chains of companies which are subcontracted, agents or organizations or tour operators are not in direct control at all times of the social or environmental effects of such goods. However, consumers always expect firms to always avail quality, environmental friendl y and social sustainable products. Firms are therefore responsible fro ensuring all inputs going into their products are sustained. For effective implementation of sustainability policies, tour operators offering products that are contracted should operate closely with suppliers. Sustainability performance will therefore be achieved all through the holiday package lifecycle. Establishment of such supply chains have been challenging for firms since it requires them to establish coherent company policies with management system in accompaniment. Management systems should however set clear actions and targets for economic, social or environmental performance. Particularly, such challenges arises where management systems are not based on the existing internal processes to maintain implementation costs at lower levels plus promoting integration of all firms operations. Similarly, incorporating employee incentives into sustainability has posed a challenge to companies operations. Firms will always wonder whether existing incentive plans for employees would possibly be connected to goals of sustainability. Normally, only strong practices within organizations prevail. If organizational practices contradict its policies, there is a possibility of green washing. For this reason, firms therefore need to invoke structures and systems that ensure firms practice sustainability. Mangers of sustainability must know the employee incentive plan that can result in companys implementation of the organizational policy sustainability. Challenges faced by firms relate to ways of incorporating targets of sustainability into staff incentives (Blcakburn, 2007). Similarly, they are also challenged in knowledge of what extent context influence applicability or effectiveness of a particular approach towards incorporating the staff incentives to sustainability. Also, limit ation comes in establishing what ways can an existing staff incentive plan be connected to the companys policy of sustainability. Another challenge faced by firms involves identity of business risks which are associated with water shortage and quality. For example, poverty, climate change, malnutrition and water scarcity have posed the biggest challenges to Unilever. However, to address such issues, the company has improvised ways of reducing water use both to the company and their consumers. Similarly, the company has produced an overview of sustainable development in 2008. The publication explores the most material issues of the company such as nutrition, sustainable agricultural sourcing, hygiene and climate change among others. In the overview, an explanation has been offered on the ways of integrating sustainability to Unilevers business or brands. Through such integration, improved health, hygiene and nutrition is reached. Companies may be limited in acquisition of tools or devices in risks evaluation incase of a climate change. According to report released by Global Equity Research group , investors and companies have been swift in identifying opportunities in water-related technologies or business. However, they are slow in identifying the increasing business risks associated with water supply pressures. Firms are limited in knowledge of their firms risks in relation to water and their chain of supply. Similarly, companies have been constrained in acquisition of water conservation or supply contingency plans. Due to this challenge, San Fransisco in California held a 2-day conference which widely featured on risk assessment, water conservation and water recycling. Similarly, Deloitte Touchà © principal in presentation described anticipated water shortage in the future posed serious threats to businesses. Such threats were to face firms that have not developed water supply or conservation contingency plans in the future. Overall consensus revealed that business enterprises particularly those within water intensive industries headed for an increased risk level from supply of water issues globally. Consequently, managers who fail to plan water related risks will ultimately be compelled to address the issues through supply disruptions, diminished quality and increased costs (Blcakburn, 2007). Primarily, business experience challenges or water risks in physical form through disruption or supply reduction. In addition, the limitation is in form of regulatory where firms do not have ability to obtain discharge or use permits. Reputation is also affected due to public perception of the firms use of freshwater or wastewater creation. Industries such as mining, energy food or beverages have more water intensity than others. They are therefore exposed to more water related risks. Another challenge facing the business operations in sustainability is identity of aboriginal perspective on sustainability of business. At the same time determination of the best approaches for engaging aboriginal communities constructively. Aboriginal groups maybe closely tied more to sustainable life ways, the question raised is whether they can offer any teaching to corporations. Aboriginal individuals act as an integral part of the organization. Normally, they form distinctive constituencies which assist in creation and improvement of public perception of firms performance. Long-term good quality and secure supply of raw materials that are competitively priced has been the biggest challenge in organizations and its fundamental in a firms operation. Most companys decisions are based highly on aboriginal individuals needs and perspectives inclusive of resources and public lands. Aboriginal communities provide suppliers, employees, customers or contractors. On the other hand, aboriginal businesses involve a growing business sector with high ability to avail services and goods for the firms operations. Firms are usually limited in providing sound, strategic sense of business in support of aboriginal people involvement. In Canada for example, they have assisted in economic growth and encouraged a proactive work in building mutually beneficial relationships in business with the aboriginal individuals. Many firms have had very positive aboriginal groups interactions and the parties experience symbiotic benefits. However, other business operations under similar regions have experienced negative interactions. Nevertheless, its not clear over what approaches offer the most competitive edge. When firms build more robust understanding of sustainability based on aboriginal perspective, developer and aboriginal community relationship create mutual respect and trust hence positive engagement. Similarly, understanding of this perspective sustainabil ity informs business operations or communities on new sustainability approaches and stakeholder engagement. Such approaches are both within and outside aboriginal communities. In this perspective, questions raised relate to what are the best or worst practices in working with aboriginal communities. Similarly, the perspective seeks to know whether the best practices differentiate by aboriginal group or by sectors and if so, how that happens (Galea, 2004). Lastly, firms experience challenges in measurement of economic impact of NIMBY. Firms are always limited in knowing whether NIMBY claims are justifiable or whether they are valid. Compnys seek to know whether economic values can be assigned claims of NIMBY. NIMBY groups can impede substantially on the progress of a company projects. Although companies maybe aware of the risks linked to NIMBY-ism, challenges exist since it has not been proved whether the claims of NMBY are justified. Questions arise on whether NIMBY-ism can generate any economic value and how evaluations would be made. Similarly, firms seek to know correlation between NIMBY activism and economic impacts that are subsequent, whether positive or negative. In conclusion, we have evaluated the effectiveness of business sustainability and how the seven challenges have impacted on the implementation of such sustainability. Firms need to devise proper ways of tackling such challenges in ensuring proper flow of business operations. Challenges have been revealed to be continued discharge and generation of enormous wastes, incorporating employee incentives into sustainability and ability to sustain corporate culture which is enduring. Similarly, other challenges include promotion and ensuring supply chains sustainability, identity of business risks associated with water shortage and quality. Identity of aboriginal perspective on business sustainability and measurement of eceonomic impact of NIMBY have also been associated with challenges facing sustainability.

The Problems And Prospects Of Tourism In Bangladesh Tourism Essay

The Problems And Prospects Of Tourism In Bangladesh Tourism Essay Bangladesh is home to numerous flora and fauna and possesses many panoramic beauties but most of them are unexplored. Having all the minimum requirements, the tourism industry could not develop adequately in the country due to the unwillingness of the governments. Currently, minimum infra-structural arrangement is developing, role of government is now positive, private and public organizations have step forward side by side to attract the local and foreign tourists, researchers, dignitaries and foreign delegates. The aim of the research is to identify the challenges and future prospects of the industry. This study will facilitate the decision makers to assess the intensity of the problem and to plan accurate measures for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh which might contribute a big share in the GDP of Bangladesh. The researcher has chosen this research topic out of his personal interest: Bangladesh is his homeland and is blended in his blood and flesh. Apathy of the previous governments led the researcher to explore the challenges and future possibilities of the tourism sector in Bangladesh. The researcher expects to emphasize the future development of tourism here in comparison with other regional and global tourist destinations. Research Question Located on the north-eastern side of the South Asian subcontinent, Bangladesh a flat alluvial plain, criss-crossed by the worlds three mighty river systems, is bordered by India in the east, west and north; Myanmar in the south-east and by the bay of Bengal in the south. The land mass of 144,000 sq.km is home to nearly 140 million people. Covered with virgin forests, the slopes and valleys of the country are home to numerous flora and fauna. The worlds largest mangrove forest and the habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger, the Sundarbans is located in the south. In the south-east, the country has a 120 km long, perhaps the worlds longest beach of soft silvery sand in a Riviera-like setting with crescent-shaped low hills overlooking the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is endowed with natural resources and the potential for a tourism industry. The main focus of this research aims to answer the question: What problems does Bangladesh face and what might be the prospects as a tourist destination? In order to analyse the terminology, problems and prospects, the researcher is not only required to explore both positive and negative aspects but also to highlight the past scenario along with the future assessment of tourism in Bangladesh. For answering the research question efficiently, the following aims are set. Aims To identify the challenge tourism industry currently facing. To explore the future possible development. To illustrate the role of the public and private sector in developing tourism in Bangladesh. In order to successfully conduct the research, the above stated aims require precise objectives. That is why the researcher has applied the following objectives. Objectives To review academic literature relating to tourism development. To examine secondary documents relating to the challenges and development of tourism in Bangladesh. Suggest recommendation for the future development of tourism industry in Bangladesh based on the literature and stakeholders views. The researcher has adopted a qualitative methodology for conducting this research most effectively. This research includes the view of the representatives from government bodies and private sector business-owners. Data from such organizations and freelance journalists and their opinions on tourism planning, problems and prospects are analysed in conducting the research paper which has helped the researcher to offer recommendations at the destination. Tourism is not associated with aristocracy any more rather every person can afford now. With the passage of time, it has grown to such dimensions that it is considered as an important industry. The promotion of tourism as an industry serves multi-pronged interest which includes preserving cultural heritage, protecting arts and culture, interaction of different religion, exchange of views, and generation of foreign exchange and so on. For last couple of years, Bangladesh has been highlighted as an attractive destination for tourists. Sundarbans and Coxs Bazar have been included in the worldwide New7Wonders of Nature campaign among more than 440 candidate locations from 220 countries. World leading publisher of travel guides and guidebooks, Lonely Planet, last year recommended Bangladesh as one of the top ten interesting travel destination in 2009 (Views On Tourism, 2008). Therefore, the aim of the researcher is to explore the challenges and opportunities relating to the development of tourism in Bangladesh. The areas of literature in this paper include tourism in the developing world, tourism in South Asia and sustainable tourism planning and development. A context chapter on tourism industry in Bangladesh is also included to provide more detailed information. The researcher has tried to depict the scenario of current challenges and future opportunities of tourism industry in Bangladesh through his research paper but it does not reflect the entire picture of the emerging industry. Thus, future researchers can be conducted considering the research paper as a case study. Literature Review The Tourism Industry Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. (UNWTO) According to Mathieson and Wall, tourism is the temporary movement of people from their natural places of living or work to destinations, their activities, and the amenities and services to meet their needs. Each and every destination has impact on the area or the country. A Destination opens the door to demonstrate cultural heritage, exchange views, generate foreign exchange, develop the employment scenario, and strengthen the revenue reserve of the government and so on. Negative impacts include loss of cultural identity, environmental damage, and spread of infectious disease. Figure 1: Butlers Tourist Lifecycle (Source: Destination Recovery Services, 2007) Butler, in his article proposed a widely-accepted model of the lifecycle of a tourist destination. The basic idea his model is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. As more people discover the destination, the word spreads about its attractions and the amenities which results into rapid development and expansion of business. Future of the destination fluctuates very much depending on the discovery, more improved amenities of another destination. Demand of any destination is related to more and more investment because tourists wish to experience new and exceptional facilities and ambiences. Popularity of a destination depends on a number of factors and the tourism industry is very uncertain (McElroy Albuquerque, 2002). Without frequent renovation, a destination cannot draw the attention of the tourists. Political unrests, financial turmoil, natural disasters, epidemic diseases, terrorist threats and lack of security can turn down the popularity of a destination. Tourism in the Developing World and in South Asia Tourists now find European and North American destinations less attractive and intend to travel to LDCs (Telfer and Sharpley, 2008). One of the reasons is rapid emergence of tourism in LDCs and another is financial advantages than the traditional destinations from the first world. Tourism operations by MNCs in LDCs create new opportunities and different kind of arrangement which the tourists always look for. Most of the South Asian countries are booming in their tourism sectors. Among all the South Asian nations, India and the Maldives receive the most foreign currencies. Sri Lanka is not behind the race and the policy makers of the country declared 2010 as the year of tourism. They are promoting their twelve different components throughout the year. The Maldives is one of the sensual and honeymoon destinations of the world. Each and every state of India is also promoting their own state in every way possible. The authority of Bangladesh at last realised the importance of tourism development to add extra revenue to the GDP of the country. Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism along with PPP has agreed to bring the tourism industry of the country forward. GoB has already declared to observe 2011 as the year of tourism and allocated Tk. 2.83 billion for the FY 2010-11 (Ministry of Finance), the highest ever allocation in tourism sector. Private sectors are more concerned in building infrastructures i.e. hotels, motels, resorts, amusement parks. Sustainable Tourism Four types of stakeholders including government authorities, the local business community, the local community and visitors remain involved in tourism at any destination (Bushell, 2001). For developing a successful tourist destination, the stakeholders are required to formulate an integrated plan. If all stakeholders do their part accordingly and remain responsible for their own actions, the sector of tourism will surely flourish. Sustainable tourism should make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity. (UNWTO) For successful sustainability programme awareness, understanding and commitment to sustainability goals from management and staff are required (Speck, 2002). According to Butlers (1980 cited in Weaver, 2006) Destination Life Cycle, unmonitored and unplanned tourism development resulting into ultimate weakness which may shake the foundation of tourism. Proper facilities and accommodation is one of the first conditions for implementing sustainable tourism. It also requires assurance of booming of a destination and continuous investment to keep the pace of development. It also need be ensure the ecological balance, conservation and biodiversity. Sustainable tourism should not change or spoil the cultural resources, national and social values. Context Chapter Tourism in Bangladesh Figure 2: Map of Bangladesh (Source: Lonely Planet, 2010) Now-a-days, traditional tourist interest on some selected countries has changed. They now intend to explore new areas avoiding the over-crowded destinations. By identifying this changing behavior and trend in global tourist movement, many countries have developed their own tourism industry. Bangladesh is holding high potentiality for tourism. This sector might result multiplier effect on the countrys economy by not only earning foreign currencies but also creating new job opportunities for the huge unemployed population. Realising the fact, GoB has decide to observe 2011 as the year of tourism to acquaint the people with the countrys tourist resources. Bangladesh Geographical Coordinates 24 00 N, 90 00 E Area 56977 sq. miles or 147570 sq. km. Capital Dhaka Currency Taka (TK) Local Time GMT + 6 Population 156,118,464 (July 2010 est.) Weather Tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Visitor Arrivals (in 2005) 207,662Table 1: Bangladesh Statistics (Bangladesh Pocket Year Book, 2009; The World Factbook) Tourism sector in Bangladesh is mainly supervised by public sector. Government regulates the tourism sector through Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization (NTO). With the twofold responsibility of development and promotion of tourism, BPC was established in the year 1972 and commenced business as a Corporation in January 1973. BPC, a semi-autonomous organization is responsible for providing tourism services to construct and run hotels, restaurants, operate duty free shops, transportation and car rental, establish and administer tourism training institution. NTO, on the other hand, is mainly a tourism service provider and promoter of tourism product. To foster the rapid growth of the tourism industry, GoB declared the National Tourism Policy in 1992. Figure 3: Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism Other Travels (1996-2005) [Source: Bangladesh Parjatan Corpotation] The tourism industry of Bangladesh has received around Tk. 550 million between 1972 and 2006 while PPP has invested Tk. 1.8 billion on twenty tourism projects FY 2010-11. However, the GoB has realized the importance of tourism sector and shifted from their previous position since FY 2009-10. GoB has allocated Tk. 2.28 billion in the national budget of FY 2009-10 while allocation in 2010-11 amounts Tk. 2.83 billion (MoF, 2010) for the tourism sector. World class accommodation is one of the highest priorities to boost the tourism industry of any country. That is why, nearly 500 hotels, 40 resorts and 15 amusement parks (New Age, 2005) have been built at popular tourist destinations, including Dhaka, Coxs Bazar, Chittagong, Sylhet, Bogra and Khulna during the last two years. Bangladesh possesses the Sundarbans the mangrove forest in the world, Coxs Bazaar the longest natural beach in the whole planet, the exotic tea gardens in Sylhet, the beautiful hills in Rangamati and Bandarban, the wonderful sights and sounds in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the brilliant natural scenery in Foys Lake, the centuries old Buddhist monasteries and so on. Such places of interest in have managed to attract tourists to Bangladesh from each corner of the world which is reflected in the increasing number of tourist arrival in the country. A total of 165,887 tourists arrived from more than 76 countries in 1996 which increased to 207,662 in 2005 (Appendix 1). Moreover, foreign exchange earnings from tourism has increased from Tk. 33.59 million in 1996 to Tk. 69.91 million in 2005 (Appendix 2). Methodology A theoretical approach provides a guiding framework for analyzing and interpreting the data (Finn, 2000). It helps a researcher to remain consistent while collecting data and knowledge form them (Jennings, 2001). There are a number of theoretical approaches for research but only very few are appropriate (Veal, 2006). Conducting the research, the researcher has mainly used secondary data and qualitative methodologies. Qualitative methodologies are associated with the interpretive approach of research (Veal, 2006). Jennings (2001) mentions researcher-participants subjective relationship as well as the participants considering the researcher as an insider. Unstructured research design, data displayed in textual form, highlighting key themes and a specific study setting are other qualitative features (Veal, 2006). The advantage of using secondary data is the freedom from arbitration by the interaction between the researcher and researched (Jennings, 2001). Data from MoF, BPC, MoCAT, SB, and NTO mainly helped to have a clear idea about the condition of tourism in Bangladesh from governments view. Future suggestions for sustainable tourism in Bangladesh by the authorities of Jamuna Resort, Padma Resort, Foys Lake Resort and Motel Atlantis have helped the researcher in conducting the research successfully. The data collected from different sources has been analysed to assess the future growth of the economy of Bangladesh. One major problem in collecting data on tourism in Bangladesh is that there is no updated database in any authorities of the government nor the private sector has any recent statistics on the sector. Government bodies are rather non-cooperative rather than the private tourist operators. Jamuna Resort, Padma Resort, Foys Lake Resort and Motel Atlantis authorities only provided their suggestion for creating a tourism friendly environment in the country. As most of the government bodies in Bangladesh have linked to internet in 2010 and most of the officials do not have email address, they could not be reached. Data from BPC and MoCAT have covered most of the data collected on the present scenario of tourism in Bangladesh. Most of the tourist facilities are offered by the private sector but do not posses any data on tourism in Bangladesh as they are only concern about their business. However, suggestions provided by the private sector tourist operators have also been added in the research paper so that the policy makers can consider them while formulating future policies for sustainable tourism in Bangladesh. Result and Analysis For conducting the research successfully, primary and secondary data has been compiled and sectioned into several themes. The challenges and opportunities of tourism in Bangladesh have been identified through the analysis of data. It not only identifies the possibilities of tourism sector in Bangladesh but also forecasts the tourism potential of the country. The outcomes of the analysis are enlisted here: Tourists visiting Bangladesh Data from BPC and SB reveals the nationality and real purpose of the tourist visiting Bangladesh. Tastes of the tourists vary from person to person, even region to region; so, it is better to understand the tourist pattern of the country. Types of Tourists Analysing the data it is found that tourists visit Bangladesh mainly on three purposes. However, higher percentage of 42 visits on business purpose while 23 percent visit for pleasure. Representative of BPC stated that the percentage of tourist visiting for pleasure is increasing day by day as the tourism products of the country are improvising rapidly. Figure 4: Purpose of the tourists for visiting (Source: BPC) Nationality of Tourists Arrivals Africa 1730 America 18673 E/A Pacific 35976 Europe 48961 M/East 2861 A/Asia 99459 Table 2: Foreign Visitor Arrivals by Region 2005 (Source: BPC)Data analysis of the year 2005 shows that 48 percent tourists visiting the country are from the Asian nations while visitors from Europe hold the second position with 24 percent. Percentage of tourist arrival from Asia Pacific, America, Africa and Middle East are 17, 9, 1 and 1 percent respectively. The number of tourists from SAARC countries total 99010 which means only 449 tourists from the rest of Asian nations have visited the country in 2005. Tourism Products in Bangladesh Tourists naturally compares the products a destination is offering with another one for ensuring the proper utilization of both money and time as well as peace of mind, relaxation, perfect ambience, improved accommodation and so on. Therefore, it is the duty of the policymakers of a destination to take necessary action for providing the tourism products to the tourists according to the demand. Accommodation World class accommodation is one of the highest priorities to boost the tourism industry of any country. In the previous years both the public and private sector have realised the need of accommodation of higher standard in the country. That is why, nearly 500 hotels, 40 resorts and 15 amusement parks (New Age, 2005) have been built at popular tourist destinations, including Dhaka, Coxs Bazar, Chittagong, Sylhet, Bogra and Khulna during the last two years. Even the government run BPC has increased their area of coverage to 16 regions with 5 hotels, 17 motels and one cottage. Tourism Product Bangladesh with three World Heritage Sites Mahasthangarh, Mosque City of Bagerhat and the Sundarbans, has a lot to offer to the tourists. Worlds longest 120 km long sandy beach of Coxs Bazar along with Patenga, Parki, Teknaf, St. Martin Island and Kuakata beach will definitely quench the thirst of beach lovers. The beauty of the largest mangrove forest in the world, the Sundarbans, can amaze anyone while travelling in steam boats and experiencing the diversity and ecosystem of the forest. The lake district of Rangamati, the lake town of Kaptai, the hilltop town of Khagrachhari and the roof of Bangladesh: Bandarban will bring the tourists close to nature they may not have gone before. Archeological sites of Buddhists monasteries, Hindu temples and Muslim mosques and palaces can educate the tourist seeking archeological knowledge of South Asia and Bangladesh. Besides these, there are many places of interest in the country which might draw the attractions of the tourists. Impacts of Tourism National and global impacts of tourism influence the overall situation of a country concerning its economy, socio-economic condition, ecology and environment. Tourism enriches economy, exchanges social and cultural values, and conserves nature; however, it has some negative impacts as well. Economic Impact Tourists contribute to sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income in an area or a country. Tourism activity normally focuses on changes in sales, income, and employment in a region. Thus, the economic benefits of tourism are well documented. In case of Bangladesh, contribution of tourism in the economy of the country is gradually increasing. The contribution of the sector is expected to get higher in the forthcoming years due to gigantic investment of public and private sector. The contribution of travel tourism to GDP is expected to rise from 3.9% (Tk. 265.9 billion) in 2010 to 4.1% (Tk. 788.4 billion) by 2020 (WTTC, 2007). It is also anticipated to create an employment opportunity of 2,373,000 in 2010 which might increase to 3,114,000 by 2010. In the current year, an estimated amount of Tk. 64.0 billion is expected to be invested in travel tourism sector. It is not necessary that tourism has all positive impacts. Tourism is closely associated with uncontrolled, unsustainable and massed tourism growth. With a purpose of making money by selling experiences, tourism is mainly dominated by private enterprises. Market led planning can fail to achieve the objectives of sustainable tourism. Like all industries, impacts do occur, but the extent to which impacts are negative can be minimised. Socio-Cultural Impact An interface for cultural exchange, tourism facilitates the interaction between communities and visitors. As travels means to discover those things unknown or forgotten within ourselves, people want to interact with other cultures, learn about traditions and even confront themselves with new perspectives on life and society. Tourism can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs. The society can take the valuable aspects of another society vis-Ã  -vis culture through tourism. The more one knows and learns about a destination, the more fulfilling the experience would be. As tourism involves movement of people to different geographical locations, and establishment of social relations between people who would otherwise not meet, cultural clashes can take place as a result of differences in cultures, ethnicity, religion, values, lifestyles, languages, and levels of prosperity. The interest shown by tourists also contributes to the sense of self-worth of the artists and helps to conserve a cultural tradition, cultural erosion due to the commoditization of cultural goods. Environmental Impact Tourism has beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It raises the awareness of environmental values and can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas. Most of the national parks are now conserved by the public administration due to the rising demand of tourism. The GoB has decided to conserve all the forests, places of natural beauties and build a marine park at Coxs Bazar to draw the attraction of the tourists from the each corner of the world. Development of tourism can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. Land and water witness the most negative impacts of tourism in the country. For the development of the sector, more and more lands are used to build infrastructure to create facilities for the tourists resulting to the shortage of land and water as well. Sewerage littering, deforestation, air and noise pollution are some of the many negative impacts of tourism on environment. Conclusion Destinations interested in attracting foreign visitors and in developing sustainable tourist industries depend heavily on traveller perceptions of safety and peace (Sonmez, 2002: 176). The aim of the research is to identify the challenges that the sector of tourism is facing currently and to asses the future as well. Tourism of Bangladesh has not flourished yet due to the unwillingness of the previous government. MoCAT has the highest allocation of Tk. 2.83 billion since the independence of the country in 1971. PPP is also working efficiently for fostering the growth of tourism with the financing from MNCs. Bangladesh as a tourist destination has many things to offer: beaches, hillside, forests, waterfall, historical and archeological sites, amusement parks and many more. The country is now on the track to enrich the tourism sector like the other nations for a better contribution on the GDP. The lack of world-class accommodation near all places of interests is now under construction which may result into more tourist arrival in the country. If tourism is to be successful in the future, public and management must strive for all four goals: enhanced visitor satisfactions, improved economy and business success, sustainable resource use, and community and area integration. (Gunn with Var, 2002: 105) All the forecast during the research indicate the rapid growth of tourism in Bangladesh. Now, the question is whether the growth will be sustainable or not. It is the responsibility of the government as well as the private sector to emerge the tourism for sustainability so that it can conserve the environment, socio-cultural structure and contribute revenue to the economy to make Bangladesh a middle-income country by 2021 (year of silver jubilee of independence). Suggestions for the Future Development of Tourism The four private tourism operator of Bangladesh have provided the following recommendations for the future development of tourism in the country. Improved transport system Infrastructural development of tourism industry Uninterrupted power supply Development of human resources in the sector of tourism Preservation of places of natural beauty Improved marketing strategy of the government Proper planning of the government for ensuring sustainable tourism References Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2010) Statistical Pocket Book 2009 [Online] Available: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SubjectMatterDataIndex/pk_book_09.pdf [November 23, 2010] Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (2010) Foreign Exchange Earnings fron Tourism Other Travels (1996-2005) [Online] Available: http://www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd/2006_resource_center_foreign_sh3.php [November 21, 2010] Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (2010) Foreign Visitor Arrivals by Region 2005 [Online] Available: http:// http://www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd/2006_resource_center_foreign_sh6.php#2 [November 21, 2010] Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (2010) Visitor Arrivals by Nationality (1996-2005) [Online] Available: http://www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd/2006_resource_center_foreign_sh8_vistorArriaval.php#3 [November 21, 2010] Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (2010) Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism Other Travels (1996-2005) [Online] Available: http://www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd/2006_resource_center_foreign_sh3.php [November 21, 2010] Bushell, R. (2001) Practice, Provision and Impacts, In Douglas, N.; Douglas, N.; Derrett, R. (Eds) (2001) Special Interest Tourism, Queensland: John Wiley and Sons Australia Central Intelligence Agency, Bangladesh [Online] Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html [November 20, 2010] Finn, M.; Elliott-White, M. and Walton, M. (2000) Tourism and Leisure Research Methods: data collection, analysis and interpretation, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Gunn, C.A. with Var, T. (2002) Tourism Planning: basics, concepts and cases, 4th Edition, London: Routledge Jennings, G. (2001) Tourism Research, Queensland: John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd Lonely Planet (2010) Map of Bangladesh [Online] Available: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/bangladesh/ [November 20, 2010] Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (2006) Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd McElroy, J.L. and de Albuquerque, K. (2002) Problems for managing sustainable tourism in small islands, In Apostolopoulos, Y. and Gayle, D.J. (Eds) (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean experiences, Connecticut: Praeger Ministry of Finance (2010) Development Expenditure by Ministry [Online] Available: http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/10_11/brief/en/st10.pdf?phpMyAdmin=GqNisTr562C5oxdV,EruqlWwoM5 [November 21, 2010] New Age (2005) Private sector leads countrys tourism booms [Online] Available: http://www.newagebd.com/2010/jun/14/busi.html [November 23, 2010] Sonmez, S. (2002) Sustaining Tourism in Islands Under Sociopolitical Adversity, In Apostolopoulos, Y. and Gayle, D.J. (Eds) (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean experiences, Connecticut: Praeger Speck, E. (2002) The Fairmount Chateau Whistler Resort: moving towards sustainability, In Harris, R.; Griffin, T. and Williams, P. (Eds) (2002) Sustainable Tourism: a global perspective, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd UNWTO, World Tourism Organization Definition of Tourism [Online] Available: http://www.linkbc.ca/torc/downs1/WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf?PHPSESSID=ugcfjttizdv [November 20, 2010] UNWTO, World Tourism Organization Sustainable Development of Tourism [Online] Available: http://www.unwto.org/sdt/mission/en/mission.php [November 20, 2010] Veal, A. (2006) Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: a practical guide, 3rd Edition, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Views On Tourism (2008) How to develop the Bangladeshi tourism sector [Online] Available: http://www.viewsontourism.info/2010/how-to-develop-the-bangladeshi-tourism-sector/ [November 21, 2010] Weaver, D. (2006) Sustainable Tourism, Oxford: Elsevier WTTC, World Travel Tourism Council (2007) Travel Tourism Economic Impact: Bangladesh 2010 [Online] Available: http://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/bangladesh.pdf [November 20, 2010] Appendices Appendix 1 Email to Private Operators Dear Sir/Madam, I am conducting a research study as part of a Bachelors degree in International Tourism and Hospitality Management at EThames Graduate College in London, England. My research exa

Corporate Entrepreneurship Essay -- Entreprenuer

Corporate Entrepreneurship Corporate Entrepreneurship can be seen as the process whereby an individual or a group creates a new venture within an existing organization, revitalizes and renews an organization ,or innovates. Zahra’s(1986) definition of corporate entrepreneurship suggests a formal or informal activity aimed at creating new businesses in established firms through product and process innovations and market developments,whereas sathe(1985) defines corporate entrepreneurship as a process of organizational renewal. Corporate Entrepreneurship has emerged as a much needed ingredient contributing towards the growth of any organization under a changing business environment. Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is widely considered as a vital means to stimulate and sustain the overall competitiveness of an organization. Both practitioners and researchers have recognized the challenges of pursuing entrepreneurship within a corporation. CE is the result of the joint activities of an organization’s members, activities that pursue strategic objectives and constitute strategic roles. Thus, to face the challenges that CE poses for both theory and practice we need to advance our understanding of the activities and strategic roles involved in the CE process and their implications for performance. While strategic roles have been extensively studied, most studies analyze the strategic role of top managers and ignore the contribution of middle managers. Moreover, while there is a growing body of empirical evidence of a positive relationship between CE initiatives and performance, little research emphasizes the contribution of middle managers’ strategic rol es to superior performance. Innovation and entrepreneurship are often regarded as ... ...ll as private sectors have gone international with new ventures outside the country. These companies are generating revenue, though modest compared to their overall sales revenue, by deputing their expert personnel outside. Strategic renewal is another desired outcome of corporate entrepreneurship. The new economic order and business environment has created a pace of change which requires businesses to adapt more frequently and rapidly than ever before. The changes could involve corporate structure, mergers and acquisitions, addressing new market opportunities, changing product portfolios, repositioning, adapting infrastructure, or adopting new technology. Managers in an organization must be able to take stock of its situation under changing market conditions and agree on a coherent new strategy that will meet the challenges of the present as well as of the future.

OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE :: essays research papers

27 Jan 2002 OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Intelligence collecting and analyzing have been around since even Biblical times and is often referred to as the second oldest profession. Since the early 1900s, law enforcement officials have begun to utilize the value of the intelligence collection methods. One of the first well-known uses of intelligence by law enforcement was during the â€Å"Black Hand† investigations, which lasted from 1905 to 1909. The investigations resulted in the deportation of 500 people and arrest of thousands of others. In the 1920s and 1930s, intelligence was used to collect information on citizens thought to be anarchists and mobsters, and by the 1940s and 1950s; law enforcement agencies began to utilize intelligence methods in the fight against organized crime. By 1967, the President’s Commission on Organized Crime helped to develop the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO). In 1986, the heads of five Mafia families were convicted of violating the RICO. Other types of activities that intelligence is used against are outlaw motorcycle gangs, Russian and Asian organized crime, and street gangs. Some of the duties that fall under the intelligence process for law enforcement are collection, evaluation, integration, and dissemination. Intelligence analysts can assist in investigation or prosecution as well. One of the main problems that analysts seem to be having in the law enforcement field is first getting into the job and then, once they are working, making it up to the higher-level management positions. Many have confused information with intelligence. Information is only raw data, while intelligence is a process of changing this raw data into useable information in order to draw conclusions about unknown events in the past, present, or future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different types of intelligence collection and analyzing methods are termed â€Å"disciplines†. There are five different types of disciplines: Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measures and Signals Intelligence (MASINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT). These five disciplines are what compiles the raw information data that intelligence analysts use to draw conclusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IMINT is the method of using pictures to draw information. The pictures can be taken as electro-optical, infrared, radar, or multi-spectral. The greatest advantage is that a picture can speak a thousand words. A disadvantage is that a picture is a moment frozen in time, and the information may change after the snapshot is taken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SIGINT is the method of taking information from transmissions. Within SIGINT there are three categories as well: Communications Intelligence (COMINT), Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT), and Electronic Intelligence (ELINT).

Comparing the Departed and Infernal Affairs

Tan Jing Zhi WRIT 340 Assignment 3 10/30/12 Prof. William Gorski The Departed: A Quintessentially American Story Have film makers today run out of original ideas and ways to artistically express their individuality? With the recent slew of film remakes and adaptations of classics such as King Kong, The Manchurian Candidate, and Ocean’s Eleven, it would appear that the film industry has had to reach into the past to seek inspiration for their new works.Critics may claim that in the capitalistic, hyper competitive world of film production today, profits take precedence over trying to construct an engaging story line from scratch. After all, remakes and adaptations of film classics guarantee a sense of familiarity and nostalgia with the audience, and seem sure-bets for box office success. However, history reveals that in the world of the arts, some of the most prominent literary and film texts have actually greatly depended on works of the past.Infernal Affairs, an original 2002 Hong Kong crime-thriller by Alan Mak and Felix Chong, tells the story of a police officer who infiltrates a triad – a Chinese criminal organization, and a triad member working undercover in the police force, with both men trying to expose each other. The film garnered a loyal following and widespread critical acclaim in Asia. When legendary director Martin Scorsese took on the challenge of adapting Infernal Affairs for his 2006 Hollywood epic, The Departed, some wondered if he could still add his unique touch to an already outstanding classic.As it turned out, The Departed more than held its own as the film received four Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards. Although The Departed faithfully follows the plot of Infernal Affairs, it distinguishes itself from the original by exploring the complexities of morality while critiquing the corrupt public institutions that claim to serve the American citizens. Through Scorsese’s deft use of character development and questioning of traditional notions of ethics, The Departed depicts a world where the line separating good and evil is blurred, and anyone can switch their identities to gain an advantage in society, by fair means or foul.The Departed distinguishes itself from Infernal Affairs in its challenge to conventional morality. Although The Departed stays remarkably close to the plot of Infernal Affairs, both films are made with different cultural contexts in mind, and paint completely opposing moral universes. Both in the beginning and conclusion of Infernal Affairs, Buddhist teachings allude to the notion that one has to suffer and be punished for wrongdoing. Throughout Infernal Affairs, Yan, the triad member who infiltrates the Hong Kong police force, contemplates turning over a new leaf and leaving his criminal past behind for good.He has become accustomed to his position in the police force, which is depicted as honorable and respectable in the film. To wipe out his criminal background, Yan kills his t riad boss in a police raid. Although Yan is able to start afresh on the good side, he will forever have to live in guilt for his sins. On the other hand, Chan, the undercover police officer in the triad, is shot dead. But unlike Yan, he has lived his life with dignity and officers pay tribute at his funeral for his valuable contributions to the police force.While Chan is presented as a beacon of incorruptibility, Yan is painted as a conniving and ruthless man, and thus pays for his actions. The mandarin title of Infernal Affairs, translates to a â€Å"continuous hell,† where the sinner has to endure endless suffering and face his guilty conscience forever (Brussat n. p. ) In Infernal Affairs, the difference between good and evil is as clear as black and white. While the Hong Kong police force is a symbol of bravery and heroism, the triad is representative of all things sinister and deplorable.In contrast, The Departed blurs the line between good and evil, and questions if suc h distinctions ever existed. With its portrayal of deceptive, brutal and double-crossing characters on both sides of the law embroiled in a cat-and-mouse game where everyone is forced to lie to gain an upper hand, The Departed also provides an insight into Scorsese’s critique of America’s war on terror and Iraq in the 2000s. The vivid representation of the characters in The Departed plays a central role in revealing how the protagonists try to break into an amoral world.In Infernal Affairs, both the undercover gangster and police officer are presented only briefly at the beginning. Rather than focusing on them, the film engages the audience through its brisk storytelling and exploration of the symbiotic relationship between the triads and the police force in Hong Kong. In contrast, much more time is devoted in The Departed to explore the experiences of the protagonists, Billy Costigan, the undercover police officer in the Irish mafia, and Collin Sullivan, the mole work ing for Frank Costello, the boss of the same criminal organization.Rather than trying to differentiate the ethical standards of both characters, Scorsese deliberately suggests that in fact, they merely represent two sides of the same coin. Trapped in a vicious struggle with every moment spent in enemy territory, neither man is spared from making morally objectionable judgments to survive. Sullivan is portrayed as one who believes in survival of the fittest, that the people in power have the privilege to control the ones below them. Therefore, to reach the top, he works relentlessly towards personal gains without regard for the consequences.He continually tries to escape from his south Boston Irish ghetto upbringing and is obsessed with progressing to the affluent Beacon Hill neighborhood. The Massachusetts State House, an imposing building on Beacon Street that Sullivan is captivated by, is a symbol of his thirst to become a figure of authority in an institution that upholds America n values. His relationship with his partner, Madolyn, also shows his personal ambition. Rather than being attracted to her personality, he only values her status as a professional, which fits ideally into the image he seeks to depict for himself. Throughout The Departed? e deceives every person he interacts with to get ahead in life: his employers, his partner, Costigan, and even the man who nurtured him from a young age, Costello. Unlike Yan in Infernal Affairs, at no point does Sullivan believe he should repent for his mistakes. He kills Costello, not because he wants to start afresh, but when he discovers that Costello is an FBI informant and had thus double crossed him. Worst of all, he deceives himself when he tries to assume the power to judge the moral fiber of Costigan by recommending him for the Medal of Merit, an action that reeks of hypocrisy.Compared to Sullivan, Costigan, the police officer working undercover in Costello’s gang, is equally deceitful. Initially, h e believes he is misleading no one and is doing something noble for the Massachusetts State Police. But as he ingratiates himself deeper into the underworld world of drugs, sex, and mindless violence, he becomes increasing conflicted and confused. By regularly partaking in brutal beatings and witnessing murders on a regular basis, he finds it unbearable to continue in this self-deception.Years of undercover work have taken a huge toil on his fragile mental state. It is as if Costello’s crooked world has become intertwined with his. During one of the mafia’s operations, Costigan is forced to shoot a man in his foot to extract information from him. In doing so, he loses his moral compass. Gradually, he is no longer able to identify with being a cop or criminal, because breaking the law has become second nature to him. The only people whom he has been able to be honest with are Sergeant Dignam and Captain Queenam, who both know of his real status as a police officer.In a heated exchange with Dignam, Costigan yells, â€Å"I can’t be someone else every fucking day! † This outburst exemplifies Costigan’s frustration at trying to avoid the perils of self-deception because he has been living a life of lies for three years. By underlining the transgressions of both Costigan and Sullivan, Scorsese shows that whichever side of the law one is on, morality becomes very murky when survival is the only name of the game. There is no room for taking the moral high ground in such an unforgiving environment.Scorsese also depicts the erosion of moral authority in law enforcement in a post 9/11 world. The Massachusetts State Police are willing to employ any dishonest tactic to achieve its aim of bringing Costello to justice. In doing so, any moral authority they might have initially had is rendered void. In a particularly poignant scene where the state police is conducting an operation to nab Costello’s mob doing an illegal transaction wit h the a Chinese triad, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) unit assists the police by putting all cell phones signals in the area under surveillance.Captain Ellerby, head of the operation, remarks, â€Å"Patriot Act, Patriot Act! I love it, I love it, I love it! † Passed in the weeks following the September 11 attacks, the Patriot Act was designed to enhance federal anti-terrorism investigations and protect American citizens (Jenks n. p. ). Yet by expanding the powers of federal agencies, serious concerns have been raised over its infringement of civil liberties. Ellerby, though, is not concerned in the least by the repercussions the Patriot Act.To him, the means justify the aim of arresting Costello and his men. The Departed is Scorsese’s vehicle to show that the world we live in today lacks moral codes and principles. All that matters to both sides is gaining a certain kind of advantage, even if it means through the use of unscrupulous methods. Ironically, the characters in The Departed who remain faithful to their moral and just beliefs, such as Captain Queenan, a model of responsibility, honesty and integrity, is mercilessly murdered by Costello’s gangsters. In an interview with TheGuardian in 2006, Director Scorsese explained his motivations for making the film, â€Å"†¦I guess there’s an anger, for want of a better word, about the state of affairs. An anger that hopefully doesn’t eat at yourself but a desire to express what I feel about post-September 11 despair. It came from a very strong state of conviction about the emotional, psychological state that I am in now about the world and about the way our leaders are behaving† (Pilkington n. p. ). The implication of such a strong statement is clear: When President George W.Bush declared a war on terror and Iraq without United Nations support under the guise of good against evil, it invoked a cycle of reactionary violence that has cause further destructio n of lives and unimaginable sufferings. In The Departed, it is not only the self-righteousness of law enforcement establishments in America that Scorsese is trying to tear down, but that of other institutions of authority as well. There are scenes in the film that continually underscore the violence and pretense of the organizations that claim to protect the nation.In a heated discussion with his psychiatrist, Madolyn, about the respectability of a cop, Costigan loses his cool and shouts in frustration, â€Å"There’s no one more full of shit than a cop! † He adds that most cops join the police force to â€Å"bang a nigger’s head against the wall. † Overt racism also pervades the Massachusetts State Police as Sergeant Dignam references their undercover agents such as Costigan to native Americans, because â€Å"†¦you’re not gonna see them. † Even Costello’s character, which is based on the real-life Whitley Bulger, a notorious Iris h mafia boss, was known to have numerous connections to the Irish Republican Army (Allen n. . ) In one scene, Costello is having lunch when he spots a priest and a nun staring at him with disgust. He approaches them and insults the priest’s faith by referring to the homosexual sodomy that some Catholic priests committed, insinuating that even men of faith are no less flawed than he is. In reality, as in The Departed, the forces for good and evil are so closely interwoven that they appear to be mutually reinforcing and sustaining. The difference between what is right and wrong has become especially ambiguous and virtually impossible to discern.As Scorsese explained in the interview with The Guardian, â€Å"'Good and bad become very blurred†¦It's a world where morality doesn't exist, good doesn't exist, so you can't even sin any more as there's nothing to sin against. There's no redemption of any kind† ((Pilkington n. p. ). By drawing parallels in The Departed to th e ethically questionable actions of people in power, Scorsese provides a social commentary on the current state of the country and suggests that no one can be trusted. Film remakes and adaptations have long been a staple in the film industry.From a studio’s perspective, remaking a film is sensible because not only will the remake gain instant name recognition, it will also interest a portion of the audience who enjoyed the original, regardless of how the remake turns out. In comparing Infernal Affairs, an original Hong Kong classic, with The Departed, the American remake, there is a stark difference in how the respective directors of the films view morality. In Infernal Affairs, the distinction between good and evil is clear – the police stands for integrity and the triad is a symbol of wickedness.On the other hand, The Departed gives the audience an overwhelming sense that moral values no longer matter in a world where right and wrong is distorted. Ultimately, through The Departed, director Scorsese aims to express his distrust with the public institutions’ porous claims to protect Americans, as well as his anguish at the political failures of the Bush Administration after the September 11 attacks. By crafting the film from a uniquely American perspective, while tailoring it to the current state of affairs in America, Scorsese’s sophisticated masterpiece is worthy of high praise.Works Cited Allen, Nick. â€Å"James ‘Whitey' Bulger to admit he was government informer in court. † The Telegraph. 7 Aug. 2012. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Brussat, Federic and Mary Ann. â€Å"Infernal Affairs. † Spirituality Practice. n. d. Web. 3 Oct 2012. Jenks, Rosemary. â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001: A Summary of the Anti-Terrorism Law's Immigration-Related Provisions. † Center for Immigration Studies. Dec. 2001. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Pilkington, Ed. â€Å"A History of Violence. † The Guardian. 5 Oct. 2006. Web. 3 Oct. 2012.