Comparative Essay: Landscape

STAGE 5: PDM – COMPARATIVE ESSAY (Landscape) Landscape artworks are a significant component in the expression of art, it is a well-established genre used extensively throughout the global art industry. Traditionally the principle subject of a landscape composition was to successfully portray a scenic view realistically, but evidently as observed over time has progressed. As demonstrated in contemporary artworks, cultural influences, technological advances and other aspects have contributed to the development of the landscape genre. The persisting genre of landscape art has gradually evolved overtime in order to achieve the different objectives of modern artists in the art-world, including a considerable motion towards landscape expressionism over realism. Bill Henson and Fred Williams are examples of artists, whom have extensively explored the landscape theme and possess a considerable understanding of the style, both employ landscape as a source of insight to compose their artworks but there are notable variations between the two artists and how they apply individual techniques. This contrast can be distinguished in the painting by Williams and the photo captured by Henson. The selected artwork by Williams is a painting, comprised as a piece of a Landscape Series, which is a succession of Australian Landscape depictions. Oil paints stretched on canvas was used to compose the painting, as opposed to Henson’s Type â€Å"C† colour photograph. The chosen sample work by Henson though denied a title; is a piece of his Untitled Series [2001-2002]. As recognised in many artworks including Williams’ landscape, oil paints on canvas is a renowned art medium. A subtle or progressive blending of colours can be achieved with oil paints by the artist when required, furthering the intensity and vastness of an artwork. Vibrant depths can also be produced by this medium, complimented by natural lustre and distinctive contrast between shade and tone. Whereas Type â€Å"C† colour photograph, applied to Henson’s photograph is merely a colour photographic print, lacking digital manipulation. It involves the process of exposing the three different layers to various colours in order to adjust or emphasise the composition of colour. This process can be achieved both manually and digitally to adjust the colour balance of a print. Two well-established artists, evidently existing in differing art media and with separate artistic intentions, apply differently the processes they use to achieve their purpose. As identified within the artwork by Williams, the paint was thickly and spontaneously applied on the canvas in order to visually represent a natural landscape, which mainly consisted of woodland. Progressive but solid strokes were also used predominantly to compose the artwork, furthering the aspect of abstract within the image produced. In comparison to Williams’ painting, the photograph captured by Henson is of a traditional process, employing Type â€Å"C† colour photograph. Within the artwork there is, though limited, inclusion of artificial components or manipulation of the image to assist his artistic intention. Within the art industry there are many styles and ways to approach the subject matter of an artwork, more generally these include structural and subjective components. The identified landscape sample by Williams is a respectable example of abstract art, encompassing a number of structural elements that cooperate to achieve the main purpose of the artist work. For example the use of contrasting colours, such as orange and blue in approach of the abstract style, and the use of visual language are applied to create a focused composition. A subjective element including the form of atmosphere and theme imposes a sense of an unconformity, and represents the vastness of the landscape, through exaggeration of the natural features within the artwork. As opposed to Williams’ landscape artwork, the image captured by Henson is considered realism but potentially expressionism. In consideration of the structural aspects that contribute to the approach to the subject matter, the composition of colours used presents to the audience an intense situation generally circulating the notion of weather. The photograph is an establishing-shot taken of the natural environment, focusing dominantly on the physical elements of nature, aspects such as the light is provided from a natural source that contributes to the instinctive interpretation. Also an oppressive atmosphere is presented by the subjective element; this is also contributed to by the colour and the appearance of weather. The intentions of an artist are essential in art making, whether it be painting or photography, by applying different art techniques and styles the purpose can be achieved effectively or as how it is intended by the artist. In Williams’ untitled painting it depicts an abstract, Australian landscape, through this Williams intends to reveal or exhibit the vastness of the Australian environment. It informs the audience of Williams’ interpretation of the subject matter, and emphasises on the intensity of the setting through the structure of colours and shades, imposing a fierce atmosphere. This can also be a representation of Australia’s dry climate, and potentially the fire hazard that Australia constantly exists in. And the trees are an indication of the life that exists in Australia, the use of contrasting colours – in respect to blue and orange – demonstrates this; the composed blue appeasing the rampant orange. Henson’s photograph of a natural environment exposes to the audience an element of weather, more specifically oppressed by the natural element. The use of contrasting colours – generally black and white – allows this to be done effectively, showing more prominently the inconsistency of the weather. And confided by the clouds a collapse of light exists; similarly to a concept of a ‘silver lining’ in relation to this visual language, that there is a glimpse of hope to escape the oppressive circumstances. As established from Fred Williams’ and Bill Henson’s artworks, it is evident that landscape has been a prominent and recognised genre throughout the art industry. But in accordance to the style and the artist’s intentions such landscapes are illustrated in various ways through different manners and techniques, exposing the vastness of the genre.

Background & The Evolution of the Internet

The Internet has undergone explosive growth since the first connections were established in 1969. This growth has necessitated an extremely large system scale-up that has required new developments in the technology of information transfer. These new developments allow simplified solutions to the problem of how to reliably get information from point A to point B. Unfortunately, the rapid pace of the required technological advancement has not allowed for optimal solutions to the scale-up problem.Rather, these solutions appear to have been the most convenient and practical at the time. Thus, the information transfer technology of today’s internet does not guarantee the ‘best path’ for data transmission. The definition of the best path may mean the most cost effective or the fastest path or some path based on optimization of multiple protocols, but the current technology used in the internet cannot guarantee that the best path for data transmission will be chosen. The result is a reduction in economic and system resource efficiency. The Evolution of the InternetThe Internet has become integrated into the economic, technological and security infrastructure of virtually every country in the world. However, the internet had quite a humble beginning. It was originally designed as a back-up military communications network (MILNET) and as a university research communications network (National Science Foundation Network, NFSNET / Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET). The original technology developed for these limited systems was not designed for the massive scale-up that has occurred since inception.Moreover, the original design of the internet system was based on the sharing of resources. The recent applications of the internet for commerce and proprietary information transfer processes make resource sharing an undesirable aspect. A more recent development is resource usage based on policies limiting what part of the internet can use a specific service or data transmission line. An Introduction to Networks and Routing What is a network? A network is a group of computers linked together by transmission lines that allow communication between the computers.Some of these computers are the equipment used by people on their desktop. Other computers in the network are computers that are designed only to direct traffic on the network or between different networks. Computer scientists often think of networks as large graphs with lines used to connect dots. The dots are called nodes and correspond to computers and the lines correspond to the transmission lines that connect the computers. The Internet is a giant network of smaller networks, called autonomous systems, that allows computers to be connected around the globe.What is routing? The process of transmitting information from a source computer to a destination computer is called routing. The way this is done can greatly effect how quickly the information is transmitte d between the two computers. What is a router? A router is a computer with more than one connection to the rest of the network that is programmed to choose which transmission lines to send information. Some routers or designed to route information between networks, as on the Internet, while other routers work to route information between computers on the same network.How do routers route? In order for routers to choose the best route (or path) from the source computer to the destination computer, it is necessary that the routers communicate with each other about what computers and networks they are connected to and the routes that can be used to reach these computers and networks. Often these routes must go through other routers. What are advertisements? Advertisements are the messages sent between routers to communicate information about routes to reach each destination. What is convergence?Convergence occurs on the network or internet when all the routers know all the routes to al l the destinations. The time required for all the routers to agree on the state of the network, the network topology, is known as the convergence time. When convergence does not occur, then data can be transmitted to a router which does not know how to get to a destination and this data is then lost. This is called a black hole. It is also possible that the data can be passed around a set of routers continuously without getting to the destination. This is called a routing loop. What is a data packet?When a large message is being transmitted, the message will probably be broken up into smaller messages called data packets, and these data packets may not all be sent by the same path across the Internet, although they will hopefully all reach the same destination What is a metric? A routing metric is a measure associated with a particular path between a source and a destination used by the router to decide what path is the best path. Typical metrics used by routing algorithms include p ath length, bandwidth, load, reliability, delay (or latency) and communication cost.Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmission lines are. Bandwidth is used to describe the available transmission rate (bps) of a given section the possible transmission path. The load is the data packet transmission per unit time. The reliability of a data transmission path is essentially the number of errors per unit time. The delay in data transmission along a certain path is due to a combination of the metrics that have already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion.The communication cost is essentially the commercial cost of data transmission along a certain transmission line. What is a router protocol? A router protocol is the way the router is programmed to choose the best path for data transmission and communicate with other routers. This algorithm will consider path metrics associated with each path in a way defined by the by the manager of each AS. What is an internet address? In order for routers to identify the destination of a data transmission, every destination must have an address.The internet protocol (IP) method of addressing destinations uses a series of digits separated by dots. An example of an Internet address is 227. 130. 107. 5. Each of the 4 numbers separated by a dot has a value between 0 and 255. This range of values is set from the amount of computer memory designated for addressing at the beginning of the internet. The internet addressing scheme is similar to a scheme for international telephone calls. There is a ‘country code’ which is a fixed number for each country, and then there are other numbers which change on the phone number to refer to specific locations within the country.The numbers on the IP address for a network on the internet correspond to what would be the country code on an international phone number are referred to as ‘prefix ’. The other numbers on the IP address change to refer to individual computers on that particular network. A ‘netmask’ can also be used to specify which numbers on the IP address for a given network are fixed and which ones can be changed. A netmask is a series on ones and zeroes that can be put over the IP address. The part of the IP address under the ones is fixed as a network address.The part of the IP address under the zeros can be changed to indicate specific computers on the network. What is a Domain Name System (DNS), the domain name and the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)? The DNS is a combination of computer hardware and software that can rapidly match the text specification of an IP address, like www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, to an IP address. The part, helpmegetoutofthis. com, is called the domain name. The whole text, www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, is called the Uniform Resource Locator (URL).When you send an e-mail or use the Internet, you use the doma in name and the URL to locate specific sites. This allows people to type in the text name, or domain name, of an internet site into the Netscape browser instead of trying to remember the numerical IP address. The DNS automatically matches the text name to the IP address for the user when the transmission request is submitted. What are servers and clients? All of the computers on the Internet are classified as either servers or clients. The computers that provide services to other computers are called servers.The computers that connect to servers to use the services are called clients. Examples of servers are Web servers, e-mail servers, DNS servers and FTP servers. The computers used at the desktop are generally clients. How the internet works. Although the details of routing and software are complex, the operation of the internet from the users’ perspective is fairly straight forward. As an example of what happens when the Internet is used, consider that you type the URL www . helpmegetoutofthis. com into the Netscape browser.The browser contacts a DNS server to get the IP address. A DNS server would start its search for an IP address. If it finds the IP address for the site, then it returns the IP address to the browser, which then contacts the server for www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, which then transmits the web page to your computer and browser so you can view it. The user is not aware that of the operation of an infrastructure of routers and transmission lines behind this action of retrieving a web page and transmitting the data from one computer to another.The infrastructure of the internet can be seen as a massive array of data relay nodes (routers) interconnected by data transmission lines, where each node can service multiple transmission lines. In the general case where information must be sent across several nodes before being received, there will be many possible pathways over which this transmission might occur. The routers serve to find a p ath for the data transmission to occur. The routing of a file or data packets of a file is either be done by the technique of source routing or the technique of destination routing.In source routing, the path the data transmission will follow id specified at the source of the transmission, while destination routing is controlled by the routers along the path. In the modern internet, almost all routing is done by destination routing because of security issues associated with source routing. Thus, the routers must be programmed with protocols that allow a reasonable, perhaps optimum, path choice for each data packet. For the routers to choose an optimum path also requires that the interconnected routers communicate information concerning local transmission line metrics.Router communication is thus itself a massive information transfer process, given that there is more than 100,000 networks and millions of hosts on the Internet. When viewing the enormity of the problem, it is perhaps e asier to understand why engineers have accepted a sub-optimal solution to the problem of efficiency in data transfer on the Internet. When initially confronting a problem, the practical engineering approach is to simplify the problem to the point where a working solution can be obtained and then refine that solution once the system is functional.Some of the simplifying assumptions used by engineers for the current internet data transmission system include 1) A transmission line is never over capacity and is always available as a path choice. 2) The performance of the router and transmission line does not depend on the amount of traffic. These two assumptions do simplify the problem of path choice considerably because now all the transmission lines and nodes may be considered equal in capacity and performance completely independent of traffic. As such, it is a much simpler optimization problem consisting of finding the route with the shortest path length.To simplify the problem even further, another assumption is made: 3) Consider that an â€Å"Autonomous System† (AS), is a small internet inside the Internet. An AS is generally considered to be a sub-network of an Internet with a common administrative authority and is regulated by a specific set of administrative guidelines. It is assumed that every AS is the same and provides the same performance. The problem of Internet routing can now be broken down into the simpler problem of selecting optimum paths inside the AS and then considering the optimum paths between the AS.Since there are ‘only’ around 15,000 active AS’s on the Internet, the overall problem is reduced to finding the best route over 15,000 AS nodes, and then the much simpler problem of finding the best route through each AS. There is an important (to this thesis) set of protocols which control the exchange of routing information between the AS’s. The sort of routers in an AS which communicates with the rest of the internet and other AS’s are called border routers. Border routers are controlled by a set of programming instructions known as Border Gateway Protocol, BGP.A more detailed discussion of computer networking principals and the Internet facts can be found in e. g. [7]. An Introduction to Router Protocols. Routers are computers connected to multiple networks and programmed to control the data transmission between the networks. Usually, there are multiple paths that are possible for transmission of data between two points on the Internet. The routers involved in the transmission between two points can be programmed to choose the ‘best path’ based on some metric. The ‘protocols’ used to determine the path for data transmission are routing algorithms.Typical metrics used by routing algorithms include path length, bandwidth, load, reliability, delay (or latency) and communication cost. Path length. Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmiss ion lines are. The routers can be programmed to assign weights to each transmission line proportional to the length of the line or each network node. The path length is then the sum of the weights of the nodes, lines or lines plus nodes along the possible transmission path. Bandwidth. Bandwidth is used to describe the available transmission rate (bps) of a given section the possible transmission path.An open 64 kbps line would not generally be chosen as the pathway for data transmission if an open 10 Mbps Ethernet link is also open, assuming everything else is equal. However, sometimes the higher bandwidth path is very busy and the time required for transmission on a busy, high bandwidth line is actually longer than on a path with a lower bandwidth. Load. This data packet transmission per unit time or the percent of CPU utilization of a router on a given path is referred to as the load on this path. Reliability.The reliability of a data transmission path can be quantitatively descri bed as the bit error rate and results in the assignment of numeric reliability metrics for the possible data transmission pathways. Delay. The delay in data transmission along a certain path is due to a combination of the metrics that have already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion. Because of the hybrid nature of the communications delay metric, it is commonly used in routing algorithms. Communication Cost.In some cases, the commercial cost of data transmission may be more important the time cost. Commercial organisations often prefer to transmit data over low capacity lines which they own as opposed to using public, high capacity lines that have usage charges. The routing algorithms do not have to use just one metric to determine the optimum route; rather it is possible to choose the optimum route based on multiple metrics. In order for the optimum path to be chosen by the routers between the data source and the data destination, the routers must communicate information about the relevant metrics with other routers.This nature of this communication process is also defined by the routing algorithm and the transmission time is linked to the time required for the routers to have the necessary information about the states of the surrounding routers. The time required for all the routers to agree on the state of the network, the network topology, is known as the convergence time and when all routers are aware of the network topology, the network is said to have converged. Some of the common routing algorithm types can indeed affect the convergence of the network.Some of the different algorithms characteristics that must be chosen when designing are static or dynamic routing, single path or multi-path routing and link state or distance vector routing. Static Routing. Static routing is done by use of a static list of attributes describing the network topology at the initiation of the network. This list, called a routing table, is used by the routers to decide the optimum routes for each type of data transmission and can only be changed manually. Therefore, if anything changes in the network, such as a cable breaking or a router crashing, the viability of the network is likely to be compromised.The advantage is that there is no communication required between routers, thus the network is always converged. Dynamic Routing. In contrast to static routing, dynamic routing continually updates the routing tables according to changes that might occur in the network topology. This type of real time information processing allows the network to adjust to variations in data traffic and component reliability, but does require communication between the routers and thus there is a convergence time cost associated with this solution.Single Path vs Multi-path Routing. Single path and muli-path routing are accurate descriptive terms regarding the use of either a single line to send multip le packets of data from a given source to a given destination as opposed to using multiple paths to send all the data packets from the source to the destination. Multiple path algorithms achieve a much higher transmission rate because of a more efficient utilization of available resources. Link State vs Dynamic Routing Protocols.Link-state algorithms are dynamic routing algorithms which require routers to send routing table information to all the routers in the network, but only that information which describes its own operational state. Distance-vector algorithms, however, require each router to send the whole of its router table, but only to the neighbouring routers. Because the link-state algorithms require small amounts of information to be sent to a large number of routers and the distance vector algorithm requires large amounts of information sent to a small number of routers, the link state algorithm will converge faster.However, link state algorithms require more system reso urces (CPU time and memory). There is a new type of algorithm developed by CISCO which is a hybrid of the link-state algorithm and the distance vector algorithm [8].. This proprietary algorithm converges faster than the typical distance-vector algorithm but provides more information to the routers than the typical link-state algorithm. This is because the routers are allowed to actively query one another to obtain the necessary information missing from the partial tables communicated by the link-state algorithms.At the same time, this hybrid algorithm avoids communication of any superfluous information exhibited in the router communications of the full tables associated with distance-vector algorithm. Switching. The distance vector, link state or hybrid algorithms all have the same purpose, to insure that all of the routers have an updated table that gives information on all the data transmission paths to a specific destination. Each of these protocols requires that when data is tra nsmitted from a source to a destination, the routers have the ability to ‘switch’ the address on the data transmission.When a router receives a data packet from a source with the destination address, it examines the address of the destination. If the router has a path to that destination in the routing table, then the router determines the address of the next router the data packet will ‘hop’ to and changes the physical address of packet to that of the next hop, and then transmits the packet. This process of physical address change is called ‘switching’. It will be repeated at each hop until the packet reaches the final destination.Although the physical address for the forwarding transmission of the data packet changes as the packet moves across the Internet, the final destination address remains associated with the packet and is a constant. The internet is divided up into hierarchical groups that are useful in the description of the switching process. At the bottom of this hierarchy are network devices without the capability to switch and forward packets between sub-networks, where an AS is a sub-network.These network devices are called end systems (ESs), because if a packet is transmitted there, it cannot be forwarded and has come to the end. At the top of the hierarchy are the network devices that can switch physical addresses are called intermediate systems (ISs). An IS which can only forward packets within a sub-network are referred to as intra-domain ISs while those which communicate either within or between sub-networks are called intra-domain ISs. Details of Routing Algorithms Link State AlgorithmsIn a link state algorithm, every router in the network is notified of a topology change at the same time. This avoids some of the problems associated with the nearest neighbour update propagation that occurs in the distance vector algorithms. The ‘Open Shortest Path First’ (OSPF) protocol uses a graph topolo gy algorithm like Dijkstra’s Algorithm to determine the best path for data transmission between a given data source and a data destination. The metric used for route optimisation is specific to the manual configuration of the router.However, the default metric is the speed of the interface. The OSPF uses a two level, hierarchical network classification. The lower level of hierarchy is groups of routers called areas. All the routers in an area have full knowledge of all the other routers in the area, but reduced knowledge of routers in a different area. The different areas organized within the OSPF algorithm are connected by border routers, which have full knowledge of multiple areas. The upper level of the hierarchy is the backbone network, to which all areas must be connected.That is, all data traffic going from one area to another must pass through the backbone routers. Distance Vector Algorithms In order for data to be transmitted from a source to a destination on the Inte rnet, the destination must be identified using some mechanism. That is, each possible destination for data transmission must be described with an address. The scheme currently used to address the internet space is the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4. The IP version 4 uses an address length limited by 32 bits. An example of an Internet address is 227. 130. 107.5 with the corresponding bit vector 11100011 10000010 01101011 00000101. An initial difficulty in managing the available address space was the implementation of a class structure, where large blocks of internet address space was reserved for organisations such as universities, leaving commercial applications with limited address space. Routing of data transmission in this address environment was referred to as class-full routing. To alleviate this problem of limited address space, the internet community has slowly evolved to a classless structure, with classless routing.In distance vector protocols, each router sends adjacent routers information about known paths to specific addresses. The neighbouring routers are sent information giving a distance metric of each one from a destination address. The distance metric could be the number of routers which must be used to reach the destination address, known as the ‘hop count’, or it could be the actual transmission distance in the network. Although this information is advertised only to the adjacent routers, these routers will then communicate the information with their neighbouring routers, and so on, until the entire network has the same information.This information is then used to build the routing table which associates the distance metric with a destination address. The distance vector protocol is implemented when a router receives a packet, notes the destination, determines the path with the shortest distance to the destination and then forwards the packet to the next router along the shortest distance path. One of the first distance vector protocols implemented on the Internet was the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). RIP uses the distance metric of hop count to determine the shortest distance to the destination address.It also implements several protocols to avoid having data packets pass through the same router more than once (router loops). The path vector protocol is a distance vector protocol that includes information on the routes over which the routing updates have been transmitted. It is this information on path structure which is used to avoid routing loops. Path Vector Protocols are also somewhat more sophisticated than RIP because an attempt is made to ‘weight’ each path based on a locally defined criteria that may not simply reflect the highest quality of service, but rather the highest profit for an ISP.The implementation of these types of router algorithms may be different in different parts of the Internet. When the algorithms are implemented inside an autonomous system, they are called Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). Because the different autonomous systems that make up the Internet are independent from one another, the type of routing algorithm used within the autonomous systems can also be independent of one another.That is, the managers of each autonomous system are free to choose the type of algorithm which best suits their particular network, whether it is static or dynamic link-state or dynamic distance-vector. When the algorithms are implemented to control data transmission between autonomous systems, they are referred to as Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP). The EGP connect all autonomous systems together to form the Internet and thus all EGP should use the same algorithm.The specific algorithm currently used as the EGP on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is a type of distance vector algorithm called a path vector algorithm [9]. A path vector algorithm uses information about the final destination of the data transmission in additio n to the attributes of the neighbouring links. It should be noted that the BGP algorithm can also be used as a router protocol within an autonomous system and is called an interior BGP (IBGP) in that instance. This necessitates calling the BGP an EBGP when it is implemented as an EGP.

Law Assignment for Child Protection

Law Essay Case Study of Stephanie and Stephen. This essay shall be based on the assumption that I am a Local authority social worker given the case referral of Stephanie and Stephen. The essay shall be focusing on the laws, policy and procedures that will guide through the assessment process of this case and how these can be used to meet the needs of all concerned. The assignment includes discussions on some of the key aspects of framework for the assessment of children in need and their families and The Children’s Act 1989, in particular section 17, duty to safeguard and I will incorporate anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice.Stephanie and Stephen are under the age of 18, this therefore puts them into the category of both of them being classed as children. Under the Children Act 1989 it clearly states that any person under the age of 18 and 16 if married is seen as a child. This consequently places a statutory duty on any local authority child social care worker t o protect them from any harm and promote their well-being. Section 17 (1. ) of the Children Act 1989 says that â€Å"Local Authorities, have a general duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children within their area are in need† Subsequent to receiving this referral and acting in agreement to the primary aims of the Government Policy, my role and responsibility is to make sure that both Stephanie and Stephen are protected from any harm and that their development needs are met accordingly and appropriately. In the course of this, if I believed that a crime had been committed, I would have a duty to report this immediately to the police.Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 states that â€Å" Children's Social Care Services must inform the police whenever they receive a referral, which may constitute a criminal offence against a child, even when they have decided that they are dealing with the referral as a Section 17† (www. Proceduresonline. com) It is my duty to e stablish if any, the level of risk to Stephanie and Stephen and to use legislation where necessary. The identification of a high-risk individual provides the mechanism for ensuring that children are protected hile avoiding unneeded intervention. (Parton et al. 1997) To try and establish the course of action, I will be guided by the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families and Working Together to Safeguard Children to help me in my decision making, planning and if any the intervention that may be required. These are two acts that were issued under Section 7 of the Local Authority Act 1970 which required Social Services to act under there general guidance.This Framework of Assessment will take into account the development needs of the child, unlike the Children Act 1989 that until the mid 1990’s mostly focused on the incidents of abuse rather than the development needs of the child. (Department of Health et al. 2000) By use of taking a holistic view t o the ‘Assessment Framework’, information will be gathered and analysed within three domains of the Assessment Framework namely: the child’s developmental needs, the parent’s capacity to respond appropriately to those needs and the wider family and environmental factors.The Framework is also linked closely to Every Child Matters which aims to ensure the well-being of children and young people from birth to 19. This means that the Government aim is for every child whatever their background or circumstances have the relevant support they need in order to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being (Every Child Matters and Outcomes) It is important that all agencies collaborate and work together to share information.Working Together to Safeguard Children document sets out how all agencies and professionals in the statutory, voluntary and independent sectors should work together to promote children's w elfare and protect them from abuse and neglect requires those agencies to share information. The first point of contact I would make would be with the school and learning mentor. Under s. 27 (7. 4) of the Children Act 1989 the school is obliged by law to assist me with any additional information that might be of help to this particular case. (www. legislation. It is the school that expressed concern and by acting upon this they then completed and sent a Common Assessment Framework (CAF) â€Å"The CAF is a shared assessment and planning framework for use across all children's services and Local areas in England. It aims to help the early identification of children's additional needs and promote co-ordinated service provisions to meet them† (www. cwdcouncil. org) I may also make enquires to the police as to whether there has been any reported incidents, especially taking into account that there is issues of substance misuse and domestic violence.When domestic violence is added into the equation it is clear that the children could be at risk of significant harm. â€Å"Child witnesses of domestic violence greatly impacts upon children’s development causing emotional harm†. (Mullander et al 2002: 6) Under Section 120 of the Adoption and Children Act 2002 states that: â€Å"Children living in households where domestic violence is happening are now identified as â€Å"at risk† under the Adoption and Children Act 2002.From 31 January 2005, Section 120 of this act extended the legal definition of harming children to include harm suffered by seeing or hearing ill treatment of others. (www. womensaid) Additional information may be gathered from other professional such as the child’s General Practitioner (GP) and dentist. Neglecting to take a child to see the doctor or dentist can be seen as neglect in some cases. I would also read through old case notes and talk to previous social care professionals that were involved with the family w hen they were accommodated.Section 20 of the Children Act 1989 defines â€Å"the term accommodated child refers to a child or young person for whom the Local Authority has provided accommodation with parental consent† (Children Act 1989) This is something that can be done without the need to apply to court and it is a way of working in partnership with the parents and empowering the parents to be involved in the ongoing plans for their child. This can be reassessed if the parents becomes uncooperative or inconsistent or commitment to the child.In the event of this the need for care proceeding may be required. (Legislation. gov. uk). From the information already received I notice that both Stephanie and Stephen wish to remain with their parents. The intention of the Children Act 1989 is to keep families together and it should only be that a child is removed as a last resort. Section 47 (5a) of the Children Act 1989 (inserted by the Children Act 2004) says that we need to take account of the wishes and feeling of the child.It is important that in the incident that further action is needed I take into account the fact that the children want to remain where they are but I must balance the risk over the choice. Under the Children Act 1989 (6. 1) â€Å"A decision to remove a child from home must balance the likely immediate and long-term effects of removing the child against the possible harm if the child is left at home. This decision should also take into account the need either to secure evidence of criminal offences or arrest suspects† (Children Act 1989)My next course of action would be to visit the family home and carry out an initial assessment. If I did not feel the children were at immediate risk, I would get in touch with the parents and arrange a time and date for me to visit, however if believed I would be putting the children at risk by doing this, I would consider a unannounced visit. I need to be aware that I will be intervening in the p ersonal lives of Stephanie, Stephen and their parents and my visit may not be welcomed by the family and viewed as a huge invasion and deprivation of their human rights.Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 it states that; â€Å"(1) everyone has the right for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others† (news. bbc. o. uk) They are within their rights to refuse me entry into their home and as a social worker I do not have the power to enforce this. The police would have to be called if I alleged the children were at immediate risk they would then have the power to remove under Section 46 (6. 7)† These are to be used in cases of immediate emergency where the delay of applying for an Emergency Protection Order would pose significant harm to a child. This Order should not be used where a Local Authority can apply for an Emergency Protection Order and has sufficient time to do so. Children Act 1989) The reason for the initial visit is so I can establish if there are concerns and what action if any would be required next. I would need to talk to all concerned and maybe possible extended family to fully understand what is happening within this family. It is important to â€Å"Ascertain the wishes and feelings of child, parents and others relevant to fully address the problems experienced†. (Brammer, A (2003) p, 128) Throughout this assessment it imperative that Stephanie and Stephen remain paramount and the focus of this investigation. Working with family members is not an end in itself; the objective must always be to safegu ard and promote the welfare of the child. The child therefore must be kept in focus. It requires sensitivity and understanding of their circumstances of families and their particular needs† (Framework for Assessing Children in Need and their Families, p. 13, 1. 45) Stephanie and Stephen have rights and it is important that as a social worker I strive to ensure that they are treated as individuals and without discrimination and take full account their wishes, feelings and experiences.By not respecting the children and listening to them because of their age could be seen as discrimination, people are often discriminated because of age whether this being young or old, as social workers it is important that we apply anti-discriminatory practice at all times and to challenge others who discriminate against others. Section 12 of the United Nation Convention on the Right of the Child, (UNCRC) states, â€Å"Children and young people have a right to express a view about things that af fect them† (United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child)I would not withhold any knowledge that I believed may be beneficial to Stephanie and Stephen and their parents. The family may require legal advice and may need sign posting to other outside agencies that could offer independent advice and support. By withholding any information I run the chance of the family being oppressed and as a social worker this is something we would not do. â€Å"A social work practice that does not take account of oppression cannot be seen as good practice no matter how high its standards in other respects. † (Thompson, N. 2000) pg11) For children to enjoy and achieve they need to attend school, this will give them the chance to reach their full potential and the opportunity to improve their life chances. It is the parent’s responsibility to ensure that Stephanie and Stephen attend school. â€Å"The law requires parents to make sure their children receive a full-time educa tion suitable to their needs. For most children this means attending school regularly. As a last resort, schools and local authorities have legal powers to deal with poor attendance. † (www. direct. gov. uk)Stephanie has also told the school that she and her brother are often left home alone. The law of the Government in the UK does not have an age limit for leaving children alone. To ensure they are safe, I would need to explore the level of understanding and maturity of both children, the Children and Young Person’s Act 1993, â€Å"parents in England and Wales can be prosecuted for wilful neglect if they leave a child unsupervised in a manner likely to cause unnecessary suffering or harm to health† (Children and Young Person Act 1993) The other issues of the cooking and home conditions would be explored.It might be that Stephanie likes to cook and this has been her choice, but I would need to ensure this was not something she was being made to do and it is agai n safe for her to do and are they having a healthy diet. The home conditions will be something I will be taking notice of during the visit. Not everyone has the same standards of living and what one person sees as unacceptable is not necessarily the case. Is the home weather proof and free from damp and cold, is it free of hazards, such as syringes left around or illegal substances, is the home clean enough to prevent any infection of any kind.The visit could result in a number of finding and each one is different: It could be as simple as I have found no concerns and no further action is needed. (NFA) Section 17 Children Act 1989- Child in Need Section 47 Children Act 1989-Duty to investigate- Section 31 Children Act 1989-Interim Care Order Section 20- Accommodated- Section 44- Emergency Protection Order So as you can see there is no way of saying which way a assessment will turn out, every case should be treated individually. In conclusion to this essay, I have discovered the impo rtance of understanding the laws that surrounds child protection.Child protection is very complex and our service will not always be welcomed by service users, but it is hoped that through good practice and guidance of the laws, Framework Assessment and Working Together to safeguard children, we are able to keep families together and only remove children as a last resort. It is however evident that this will not always be the case and children will have to be removed against their wishes and the wishes of their families but as it is important that the child remains the focus and in the centre at all times.I managed to establish the significance of practicing anti-discriminative and anti- oppressive practice whilst promoting the rights of children. Families will no doubt feel powerless within this situation and we must continue to empower them at all times. Social Workers are inclined only to get the bad press, but can they win the vote of the public? Time will tell so for ++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++now; we are damned if we do and damned if we don’t. + – .

12 Angry Men

12 Angry Men Essay Many movies start with promising premises that end up only partially fulfilled, but 12 Angry Men Essay never disappoints. The rich drama with minimalist sets occurs almost completely within the confines of a jury room. The incredibly strong ensemble cast for the jury includes: Henry Fonda, Lee J. Cobb, Ed Begley, E.G. Marshall, Jack Warden, Jack Klugman, Edward Binns, Joseph Sweeney, Martin Balsam, George Voskovec, John Fiedler and Robert Webber. To further minimize distractions, we never learn most of the jurors names. We know them by their opinions, backgrounds and weaknesses. They have their juror numbers, and that is considered sufficient labeling. As the story opens, a bored judge in a capital murder case is reading his charge to the jury. When he comes to the part about a reasonable doubt, he repeats it with such an emphasis that he seems to be suggesting that any doubt they may have in their minds about the defendants guilt is probably not reasonable. Indeed everyone, including the defendant, seems to think the case is hopeless. The accused, played with big, soulful eyes by John Savoca, never speaks, but his sunken, despondent demeanor says it all. The evidence in the case is clear, and as we find out later, his attorney apparently was pretty inept. Before the jurors start their deliberation, they idle away their time arguing over whether the case was dull or not and over how well the attorneys performed. If you didnt know better, you could assume they were reviewing some movie they had seen. None of them seems to be concerned in the least that the defendants life is at stake. Into this sure and certain world comes a voice of caution, someone who is willing to demand that the jurors put a halt to their headlong rush to judgment. This voice of reason comes from a juror played by Henry Fonda, giving a resolute and perfect performance that should have at least gotten him an Academy Award nomination for best actor, but didnt. Fondas character votes not guilty on the first ballot, not because hes sure the defendant is innocent, but because he wants to get his fellow jurors to stop and reconsider the merits of the case. The other jurors are aghast that he seems to have forgotten the sure and certain facts of the case that prove the defendants guilt. Now these are facts, barks an angry juror played by Lee J. Cobb. You cant refute facts. Everyone brings their differing lifestyles into the jury room. E.G. Marshall plays a prim and proper Wall Street stockbroker. He ticks off the facts in the case as if he were reading closing stock prices from the newspaper. His studious and ever-stern glare cuts down those who disagree with him. And he is the only one who keeps his coat on the entire time-he claims he never sweats, even in the stiflingly hot jury room. His bankers glasses, one of the films few props, turn out to be key to the cases solution. With superciliousness, he bemoans slum dwellers such as the defendant, only to find out that another juror, played by Jack Klugman, grew up in the slums and resents the brokers remarks. Although most jurors are known by the intensity of their convictions, Robert Webber plays someone who works in advertising and views serving on a jury no more seriously than he would concocting a laundry soap jingle. He tries using advertising lingo such as run this idea up the flagpole and see if anybody salutes it. After ridicule and scorn by his fellow jurors, Henry Fondas character suggests a startling compromise. He will abstain from the second ballot, and if they all vote guilty, so will he. But if he has garnered any support for the defendant, then the rest of the jurors have to agree to stay awhile and discuss the case with him. After he wins that round, one by one, the other jurors begin to fall in line behind him, but even if the conclusion is obvious, the way they get there constantly surprises and fascinates. The beauty of Roses script is that we come to know each of the jurors by the end of the deliberations. Most writers would gloss over some of them to concentrate on a few, but Rose gives each a unique personality and background. extroverted marmalade salesman, who made $27,000 last year and has tickets to tonights ball game burning in his pocket. He wants to vote .

Nissan Automotive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nissan Automotive - Research Paper Example For example, Renault acquired one-third shares of Nissan, but it was not contemplating on building Renault’s plant in Japan or shifting its model production in Japanese factories. Alternatively, Renault appointed a star manager, Carlos Ghosn, at CEO’s position in Nissan. Ghosn restructured the company, hence restoring Nissan to profitability (Crooks, 2010). This analysis suggests a simple model for FDI where Nissan as a heterogeneous investor bid to secure the control rights on proposed or existing overseas assets; the formulation is capable of explicitly considering more than two countries or market. The model avails a strategy utilized in bilateral FDI for analyzing bilateral trade in goods; its specification entails an inward effect showing characteristics pertaining to the destination country, an outward efficacy indicating the features of origin country, and a vector consisting pair-specific variables that reflect monitoring costs (Forum, 2010). The model is applied or estimated using five countries. In the second stage, the estimated outward and inward fixed effects related to variables that are predicted by the model. Then the formulation of the model is aggregated into yielding simple table used for each country’s share of the world Automobile FDI (Obashi, 2010). Many firms engage in FDI without exploiting the external markets directly via the exportation. They focus on location, internalization, and ownership advantages with internalization of intangible assets. Ownership advantage depends on the managerial and technological superiority of home country’s firm in relation to the hosting country firms. This superiority should be sufficient to deal with the extra costs incurred as a result from differences in business customs, informal and formal norms, and languages. As a result, the ownership is directly linked with control; hence control turns weaker when ownership

Analyze the physiological and psychological reactions to stress Essay

Analyze the physiological and psychological reactions to stress - Essay Example No matter what the intensity of stress, its victim reacts to it physically and emotionally. This paper is going to elaborate: Physiological reactions to stress include high blood pressure, gastrointestinal problems, fluctuations in the chemical composition of body fluids, insomnia, addiction to smoking or alcoholism, and other illnesses. Individuals are apt to show different levels of these physiological responses to a particular stressor (Koslowsky, 1998, p. 90). When an individual is undergoing a stressor, such as, being jammed up in traffic when an exam is going to start in a few minutes, an increased heart rate occurs as a stress-response due to the discharge of certain hormones, like adrenaline and cortisol, into the blood. The individual’s respiratory system takes in extra oxygen. Blood gets thickened and is directed more toward imperative muscles which become tightened in preparation for some unexpected action. When the individual comes out of the stressor, heart rate reduces allowing blood to come to its normal constitution and hormone level gets down to normal. All of these physiological stress-reactions are not independent. These depend on psychological responses, that is, orders given by the nervous system or the sensors of the body. When an individual senses that he is in stress, his brain sends orders through neurons or nerve cells to different parts of the body which brings about changes in the physiology. The individual jammed in traffic senses that he is in great stress, his nervous system accepts these signals and passes them over to the neurons which make the body function accordingly. He tends to be irritable and there is an intense startling response. Another psychological reaction is suffering through nightmares and repeated thoughts or flashbacks about the stressor. Under a stressor like the death of a relative, the psychological responses may include getting shocked,

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Marketing - Case Study Example A large store has always been a dream for Don Martin. Therefore, an increase in sales volume was also essential. Lastly, Don Martin experienced financial difficulties and he wanted to keep his money. This research paper is focused on marketing implications of the company and deals with the analysis of possible solutions for Don Martin Limited. Economic, social and political factors of the modern world are intimidating factors for many businesses. There is a need to develop innovative and challenging solutions in order to satisfy the needs and wants of the modern customers. Marketing Implications of Don Martin To succeed in different segments, Don Marti had to develop a different conception for his company. Advertising in mass media was one of the first and foremost measures taken by Don Martin. It is an incredible thing, but he spent more than $100,000 on advertising. So, the customers were aware of goods provided by the Company, but there was not enough high-quality services provide d for the customers. That was the biggest challenge for Don Martin. The modern customers are very much concerned about money, because they do not want to spend extra money. There were a few options suggested by Don Martin. Some of them were credit offering for the customers or delivery services. Nevertheless, these solutions were not beneficial enough, because gas cost much; there was a need to pay for the office et cetera. Credit option was a good solution, but the Company’s developer had to pay much money for tracking correct crediting and so on. Don Martin met many challenges and it was very important to find a complex and innovative best solution. There were also many challenges in HR management. People had to work 12 hours four days a week and though employees liked their job, the employer had to put much efforts to satisfy their needs. Moreover, there were a lot of manufacturers and there was a necessity to unite some lines together. Don Martin made many attempts to imp ress his customers with volumes of sold goods. There were a lot of competitors, which were offering the same goods to the customers. It was really hard to compete in the business world and there was an option either to offer business for rent or to sell it right away. Price increase was a bad solution, because other stores offered the same goods at lower prices. It was really difficult to find the best solution and it took much time for Don Martin to decide whether he needed to sell something right in a right way. Don Martin tried to think harder and chose an integrative solution, which can be profitable in the future. He wanted to initiate his developments in motorcycle sphere. Income Statements of Don Martin Limited In the result of these combined actions and invented solutions, income statements of Don Martin were the following ones: Gross profit increased for 5.6%, sales wages increased for 2.2% (11.6% to 13.8%), advertising increased for 2%, balance of selling and delivery incr eased for 1%, occupancy increased for 2.2%, general and administration costs decreased for 1%, accounts receivable and credit increased for 3%. Total expenses reached 37.5% last year and profit loss 1.9%. Therefore, with the company’s growth Don Martin experienced numerous challenges and he had to pay more different expenses, but at the same time he had an opportunity to gain more profits. A company’